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Schematic picture of the simplest quadrupole defect in the spectrin network. The defect arises from the rotation of the dashed filament in a, to produce two pairs of fivefold (dashed rings) and sevenfold defects (solid rings) (b). A linear arrangement of such defects produces two separated dipoles (c and d). (e) The shape of a buckled fivefold defect in the presence of the bilayer.
