2. Summary of Flame Retardant Properties and Applications of Phosphorus-Based FRs and MOF-P FRs.
| Polymer systems | Type of FRs | Loading (wt %) | Main flame-retardant results | Cost and scale | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP/DETA | APP | 21 | 27.0% of LOI; UL-94 V-0 rating; 77.5%, 69.9%, 48.4%, 56.9%, and 84.0% reduction in pHRR, THR, pSPR, PCO, and PCO2 (heat flux of 50 kW/m2) | Low-cost and commonly used commercial flame retardant | |
| ZIF-8@PZN/APP | 3/18 | 31.0% of LOI; UL-94 V-0 rating; 80.8%, 65.8%, 72.6%, 64.7%, and 85.3% reduction in pHRR, THR, pSPR, PCO, and PCO2 (heat flux of 50 kW/m2) | Relatively high-cost and bench-scale flame retardant | ||
| TPU | APP | 20 | 28.8% of LOI; 69.8%, 69.5%, 60.0%, 23.8%, and 72.0% reduction in pHRR, THR, TSP, YCO, and YCO2 (heat flux of 35 kW/m2) | Low-cost and commonly used commercial flame retardant | |
| APP@SiO2@UiO-66-NH2 | 20 | 29.9% of LOI; 75.1%, 87.8%, 87.7%, 53.4%, and 76.8% reduction in pHRR, THR, TSP, YCO, and YCO2 (heat flux of 35 kW/m2) | Relatively high-cost and bench-scale flame retardant | ||
| PUA | RP | 5 | 18.6% of LOI; 27.3%, 43.8%, −3.9%, 18.5%, and 36.7% reduction in pHRR, THR, pSPR, TSP, and PCO2 (heat flux of 50 kW/m2) | Low-cost and commonly used commercial flame retardant | |
| 2D RP@ZIF | 5 | 22.9% of LOI; 48.0%, 54.2%, 20.4%, 22.2%, and 49.0% reduction in pHRR, THR, pSPR, TSP, and PCO2 (heat flux of 50 kW/m2) | Medium-cost and bench-scale flame retardant | ||
| PP | MPP | 30 | 25.5% of LOI; UL-94 V-0 rating; 45.0%, 22.6%, and −145.3% reduction in pHRR, pSPR, and THR (heat flux of 25 kW/m2) | Medium-cost and commonly used commercial flame retardant | |
| MPP/Co-MOF | 28/2 | 26.8% of LOI; UL-94 V-0 rating; 43.1%, 57.2%, and 37.3% reduction in pHRR, pSPR, and THR (heat flux of 25 kW/m2) | Medium-cost and bench-scale flame retardant | ||
| PP | EG/PA | ≥10 | - | Medium-cost and commonly used commercial flame retardant | |
| ZIF-67/EG/PA | 5/≥10 | 21.1%, 6.4%, 28.6%, and 22.3% reduction in pHRR, THR, pSPR, and TSP (heat flux of 50 kW/m2) compared to PP/EG/PA | Medium-cost and with relatively high temporal and spatial yields |
a
Low-cost: The cost of FRs for each kilogram of composite material produced is about <$10. Medium-cost: The cost of FRs for each kilogram of composite material produced is about >$10 and <$50. Relatively high-cost: The cost of FRs for each kilogram of composite material produced is about >$50 and <$200.