Table 2. Comparison of general and parent-related characteristics of children diagnosed with asthma in 2019 and 2021.
| Asthma diagnosis | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 2019 (n = 791) | 2021 (n = 562) | |||||||||
| M ± SD, n (%) | M ± SD, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Yes | No | χ 2 (p) | Yes | No | χ 2 (p) | OR | 95% CI | p | |||
| General characteristics | |||||||||||
| Gender | Male | 19 (2.4) | 389 (49.2) | 7.183 (0.008) | 7 (1.2) | 271 (48.2) | 5.368 (0.022) | 0.522 | 0.030 | 0.089 | 0.211 |
| Female | 3 (0.4) | 380 (48.0) | 3 (0.5) | 281 (50.0) | 0.577 | 0.109 | 3.039 | 0.515 | |||
| Age | M ± SD | 10 ± 4.220 | 9.44 ± 4.133 | 0.167 (0.868) | 10.30 ± 3.302 | 9.62 ± 4.013 | 0.828 (0.408) | 0.518 | 0.212 | 1.266 | 0.148 |
| 3 – 6 | 4 (0.5) | 223 (28.2) | 0.317 (0.716) | 1 (0.2) | 144 (25.6) | 0.712 (0.478) | 0.203 | 0.021 | 1.933 | 0.165 | |
| 7 – 11 | 11 (1.4) | 297 (37.5) | 6 (1.1) | 213 (37.9) | 0.550 | 0.198 | 1.525 | 0.249 | |||
| 12 – 17 | 7 (0.9) | 249 (31.5) | 3 (0.5) | 195 (34.7) | 0.646 | 0.118 | 3.529 | 0.612 | |||
| Residential area | Urban | 19 (2.4) | 650 (82.2) | 1.308 (0.255) | 7 (1.2) | 464 (82.6) | 0.547 (0.461) | 0.442 | 0.159 | 1.225 | 0.116 |
| Rural | 3 (0.4) | 119 (15.0) | 3 (0.5) | 88 (15.7) | 1.520 | 0.296 | 7.811 | 0.614 | |||
| Type of housing | General housing | 4 (0.5) | 165 (20.9) | 0.447 (0.505) | 3 (0.5) | 137 (24.4) | 0.033 (0.856) | 0.789 | 0.178 | 3.510 | 0.755 |
| Apartment | 18 (2.3) | 604 (76.4) | 7 (1.2) | 415 (73.8) | 0.462 | 0.155 | 1.373 | 0.164 | |||
| Number in family | 3.91 ± 0.684 | 4.18 ± 0.739 | –1.735 (0.085) | 4 ± 0.667 | 4.14 ± 0.752 | –0.954 (0.341) | 0.493 | 0.205 | 1.185 | 0.113 | |
| Income | Low | 0 (0.0) | 14 (1.8) | 0.413 (0.778) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.1) | 0.744 (0.454) | ||||
| Lower middle | 5 (0.6) | 124 (15.7) | 2 (0.4) | 56 (10.0) | 0.632 | 0.107 | 3.714 | 0.610 | |||
| Middle | 2 (0.3) | 207 (26.2) | 4 (0.7) | 169 (30.1) | 1.437 | 0.181 | 11.387 | 0.731 | |||
| Upper middle | 11 (1.4) | 252 (31.69) | 1 (0.2) | 186 (33.1) | 0.110 | 0.014 | 0.869 | 0.036 | |||
| High | 4 (0.5) | 172 (21.7) | 3 (0.5) | 135 (24.0) | 0.558 | 0.097 | 3.227 | 0.514 | |||
| Body mass index | < 5th percentile | 1 (0.1) | 68 (8.6) | 0.150 (0.918) | 0 (0.0) | 34 (6.1) | 0.698 (0.539) | ||||
| 5 – 85th percentile | 17 (2.2) | 546 (69.1) | 9 (1.6) | 373 (67.1) | 0.642 | 0.236 | 1.747 | 0.384 | |||
| 85 – 95th percentile | 2 (0.3) | 71 (9.0) | 1 (0.2) | 63 (11.3) | 0.509 | 0.038 | 6.775 | 0.608 | |||
| ≥ 95th percentile | 2 (0.3) | 83 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 76 (13.7) | |||||||
| Subjective health status | Good | 15 (1.9) | 571 (72.2) | 0.504 (0.598) | 7 (1.2) | 422 (75.1) | 6.455 (0.004) | 0.547 | 0.179 | 1.674 | 0.289 |
| Fair | 7 (0.9) | 175 (22.1) | 1 (0.2) | 113 (20.1) | 0.068 | 0.008 | 0.573 | 0.014 | |||
| Poor | 0 (0.0) | 23 (2.9) | 2 (0.4) | 17 (3.0) | |||||||
| Influenza vaccination | Yes | 15 (1.9) | 533 (67.4) | 0.806 (0.371) | 7 (1.2) | 430 (76.5) | 0.005 (0.945) | 0.443 | 0.147 | 1.330 | 0.146 |
| No | 7 (0.9) | 234 (29.8) | 3 (0.5) | 122 (21.7) | 0.761 | 0.171 | 3.391 | 0.719 | |||
| Household composition | 2 generations | 21 (2.7) | 720 (91.0) | 0.421 (0.518) | 10 (1.8) | 525 (93.4) | 0.218 (0.642) | 0.524 | 0.212 | 1.292 | 0.160 |
| 3 generations or more | 1 (0.1) | 49 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 27 (4.8) | |||||||
| Parental characteristics | |||||||||||
| Father’s smoking history | < 5 packs | 0 (0.0) | 9 (1.1) | 0.147 (0.769) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (2.7) | 0.808 (0.443) | ||||
| ≥ 5 packs | 11 (1.4) | 591 (74.7) | 8 (1.4) | 417 (74.2) | 0.868 | 0.314 | 2.400 | 0.785 | |||
| Never smoked | 11 (1.4) | 169 (21.4) | 2 (0.4) | 120 (21.4) | 0.275 | 0.042 | 1.786 | 0.175 | |||
| Father’s current smoking status | Daily | 1 (0.1) | 246 (31.1) | 0.169 (0.886) | 3 (0.5) | 174 (31.0) | 0.091 (0.945) | 2.056 | 0.206 | 20.478 | 0.538 |
| Occasionally | 2 (0.3) | 36 (4.6) | 3 (0.2) | 28 (5.0) | 0.579 | 0.039 | 8.527 | 0.690 | |||
| Former smoker | 8 (1.0) | 318 (40.2) | 4 (0.7) | 230 (40.9) | 0.746 | 0.225 | 2.476 | 0.631 | |||
| Never smoked | 11 (1.4) | 169 (21.4) | 2 (0.4) | 120 (21.4) | 0.275 | 0.042 | 1.786 | 0.175 | |||
| Mother’s smoking history | < 5 packs | 1 (0.1) | 19 (2.4) | 0.120 (0.787) | 1 (0.2) | 18 (3.2) | 1.968 (0.143) | 3.215 | 0.168 | 61.59 | 0.437 |
| ≥ 5 packs | 2 (0.3) | 82 (10.4) | 0 (0.0) | 57 (10.1) | < 0.001 | 5.29E-12 | 8.06E-11 | < 0.001 | |||
| Never smoked | 19 (2.4) | 668 (84.5) | 9 (1.6) | 477 (84.9) | 0.55 | 0.21 | 1.442 | 0.223 | |||
| Mother’s current smoking status | Daily | 0 (0) | 14 (1.8) | 0.201 (0.866) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (3.0) | 0.135 (0.931) | ||||
| Occasionally | 0 (0) | 16 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.1) | |||||||
| Former smoker | 3 (0.4) | 71 (9.0) | 1 (0.2) | 52 (9.3) | 0.297 | 0.027 | 3.254 | 0.319 | |||
| Never smoked | 19 (2.4) | 668 (84.5) | 9 (1.6) | 477 (84.9) | 0.55 | 0.21 | 1.1442 | 0.223 | |||
| Mother’s age at first childbirth | 27.82 (3.78) | 28.56 (3.90) | –0.165 (0.869) | 30.10 (2.73) | 29.20 (3.75) | 1.025 (0.308) | 0.52 | 0.213 | 1.266 | 0.149 | |
| Mother’s breastfeeding history | Yes | 22 (2.8) | 689 (87.1) | 2.045 (0.155) | 9 (1.6) | 495 (88.1) | 0.020 (0.889) | 0.373 | 0.165 | 0.845 | 0.018 |
| No | 0 (0) | 80 (10.1) | 1 (0.2) | 57 (10.1) | |||||||
| Crude | 0.519 | 0.213 | 1.265 | 0.148 | |||||||
| Adjusted1 (includes general characteristics) | 0.471 | 0.199 | 1.117 | 0.087 | |||||||
| Adjusted2 (includes general and parental characteristics) | 0.541 | 0.231 | 1.265 | 0.541 | |||||||