Table 4. Comparison of general and parent-related characteristics of children diagnosed with rhinitis diagnosis in 2019 and 2021 .
| Rhinitis diagnosis | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 2019 (n = 791) | 2021 (n = 562) | |||||||||
| M ± SD, n (%) | M ± SD, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Yes | No | F (p) | Yes | No | F (p) | OR | 95% CI | p | |||
| General characteristics | |||||||||||
| Gender | Male | 130 (16.4) | 278 (35.1) | 10.120 (< 0.001) | 80 (14.2) | 198 (35.2) | 0.650 (0.422) | 0.842 | 0.547 | 1.297 | 0.434 |
| Female | 84 (10.6) | 299 (37.8) | 72 (12.8) | 212 (37.7) | 1.210 | 0.728 | 2.009 | 0.461 | |||
| Age | M ± SD | 9.29 ± 3.70 | 9.52 ± 4.28 | –1.350 (0.180) | 10.21 ± 3.67 | 9.42 ± 4.10 | 2.556 (0.012) | 0.986 | 0.679 | 1.432 | 0.941 |
| 3 – 6 | 54 (6.8) | 173 (21.9) | 1.707 (0.184) | 26 (4.6) | 119 (21.2) | 3.723 (0.026) | 0.583 | 0.306 | 1.111 | 0.101 | |
| 7 – 11 | 94 (11.9) | 214 (27.1) | 71 (12.6) | 148 (26.3) | 0.960 | 0.548 | 1.683 | 0.886 | |||
| 12 – 17 | 66 (8.3) | 190 (24.0) | 55 (9.8) | 143 (25.4) | 1.344 | 0.782 | 2.308 | 0.283 | |||
| Residential area | Urban | 185 (23.4) | 484 (61.2) | 4.325 (0.040) | 135 (24.0) | 336 (59.58) | 0.826 (0.365) | 0.954 | 0.647 | 1.408 | 0.813 |
| Rural | 29 (3.7) | 93 (11.8) | 17 (3.0) | 74 (13.2) | 1.319 | 0.410 | 4.242 | 0.641 | |||
| Type of housing | General housing | 40 (5.1) | 129 (16.3) | 2.123 (0.148) | 27 (4.8) | 113 (20.1) | 2.465 (0.119) | 0.967 | 0.456 | 2.052 | 0.930 |
| Apartment | 174 (22.0) | 448 (56.6) | 125 (22.2) | 297 (52.8) | 0.993 | 0.653 | 1.511 | 0.975 | |||
| Number in family | 4.11 ± 0.68 | 4.20 ± 0.76 | –1.125 (0.263) | 4.01 ± 0.71 | 4.18 ± 0.76 | –3.423 (< 0.001) | 0.963 | 0.667 | 1.391 | 0.841 | |
| Income | Low | 2 (0.3) | 12 (1.5) | 0.649 (0.614) | 4 (0.7) | 2 (0.4) | 0.928 (0.442) | 12.588 | 0.797 | 198.944 | 0.072 |
| Lower middle | 30 (3.8) | 99 (12.5) | 14 (2.5) | 44 (7.8) | 0.872 | 0.278 | 2.732 | 0.814 | |||
| Middle | 60 (7.6) | 149 (18.8) | 43 (7.7) | 130 (23.1) | 0.777 | 0.412 | 1.466 | 0.435 | |||
| Upper middle | 70 (8.8) | 193 (24.4) | 55 (9.8) | 132 (23.5) | 1.135 | 0.668 | 1.928 | 0.639 | |||
| High | 52 (6.6) | 124 (15.7) | 36 (6.4) | 102 (18.1) | 0.948 | 0.477 | 1.885 | 0.880 | |||
| Body mass index | < 5th percentile | 15 (1.9) | 54 (6.8) | 0.769 (0.507) | 11 (2.0) | 23 (4.1) | 1.217 (0.303) | 2.739 | 0.851 | 8.817 | 0.091 |
| 5 – 85th percentile | 146 (18.5) | 417 (52.8) | 101 (18.2) | 281 (50.5) | 0.943 | 0.612 | 1.453 | 0.789 | |||
| 85 – 95th percentile | 24 (3.0) | 49 (6.2) | 21 (3.8) | 43 (7.7) | 1.170 | 0.544 | 2.518 | 0.686 | |||
| ≥ 95th percentile | 29 (3.7) | 56 (7.1) | 19 (3.4) | 57 (10.3) | 0.675 | 0.278 | 1.636 | 0.382 | |||
| Subjective health status | Good | 149 (18.8) | 437 (55.2) | 1.635 (0.199) | 113 (20.1) | 316 (56.2) | 0.048 (0.949) | 1.041 | 0.679 | 1.598 | 0.852 |
| Fair | 57 (7.2) | 125 (15.8) | 33 (5.9) | 81 (14.4) | 0.917 | 0.502 | 1.678 | 0.779 | |||
| Poor | 8 (1.0) | 15 (1.9) | 6 (1.1) | 13 (2.3) | 0.590 | 0.15 | 2.322 | 0.449 | |||
| Influenza vaccination | Yes | 163 (20.6) | 385 (48.7) | 4.553 (0.035) | 129 (23.0) | 308 (54.8) | 3.264 (0.074) | 0.927 | 0.606 | 1.418 | 0.727 |
| No | 51 (6.4) | 192 (24.3) | 23 (4.1) | 102 (18.1) | 0.961 | 0.46 | 2.006 | 0.915 | |||
| Household composition | 2 generations | 202 (25.5) | 539 (68.1) | 0.001 (0.978) | 142 (25.3) | 393 (69.9) | 0.892 (0.347) | 0.958 | 0.664 | 1.383 | 0.818 |
| 3 generations or more | 12 (1.5) | 38 (4.8) | 10 (1.8) | 17 (3.0) | 1.765 | 0.371 | 8.403 | 0.474 | |||
| Parental characteristics | |||||||||||
| Father’s smoking history | < 5 packs | 4 (0.5) | 5 (0.6) | 1.524 (0.220) | 7 (1.2) | 8 (1.4) | 2.546 (0.083) | 1.031 | 0.094 | 11.305 | 0.980 |
| ≥ 5 packs | 154 (19.5) | 448 (56.6) | 121 (21.5) | 304 (54.1) | 1.177 | 0.798 | 1.735 | 0.410 | |||
| Never smoked | 56 (7.1) | 124 (15.7) | 24 (4.3) | 98 (17.4) | 0.509 | 0.246 | 1.054 | 0.069 | |||
| Father’s current smoking status | Daily | 71 (9.0) | 176 (22.3) | 1.776 (0.152) | 54 (9.6) | 123 (21.9) | 0.783 (0.494) | 1.005 | 0.578 | 1.748 | 0.985 |
| Occasionally | 11 (1.4) | 27 (3.4) | 6 (1.1) | 23 (4.1) | 0.710 | 0.132 | 3.823 | 0.689 | |||
| Former smoker | 76 (9.6) | 250 (31.6) | 68 (12.1) | 166 (29.5) | 1.440 | 0.872 | 2.377 | 0.153 | |||
| Never smoked | 56 (7.1) | 124 (15.7) | 24 (4.3) | 98 (17.4) | 0.509 | 0.246 | 1.054 | 0.069 | |||
| Mother’s smoking history | < 5 packs | 6 (0.8) | 14 (1.8) | 0.785 (0.454) | 2 (0.4) | 17 (3.0) | 1.225 (0.296) | 0.249 | 0.016 | 3.810 | 0.317 |
| ≥ 5 packs | 27 (3.4) | 57 (7.2) | 17 (3.0) | 40 (7.1) | 0.662 | 0.277 | 1.582 | 0.352 | |||
| Never smoked | 181 (22.9) | 506 (64.0) | 133 (23.7) | 353 (62.8) | 1.090 | 0.736 | 1.616 | 0.665 | |||
| Mother’s current smoking status | Daily | 9 (1.1) | 5 (0.6) | 1.909 (0.139) | 3 (0.5) | 14 (2.5) | 0.916 (0.433) | 0.104 | 0.013 | 0.845 | 0.034 |
| Occasionally | 5 (0.6) | 11 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.1) | |||||||
| Former smoker | 19 (2.4) | 55 (7.0) | 16 (2.8) | 37 (6.6) | 0.942 | 0.347 | 2.555 | 0.906 | |||
| Never smoked | 181 (22.9) | 506 (64.0) | 133 (23.7) | 353 (62.8) | 1.090 | 0.736 | 1.616 | 0.665 | |||
| Mother’s age at first childbirth | 28.57 ± 3.65 | 28.42 ± 3.90 | 0.437 (0.663) | 30.0 ± 3.16 | 28.93 ± 3.88 | 2.764 (0.007) | 0.942 | 0.651 | 1.364 | 0.751 | |
| Mother’s breastfeeding history | Yes | 182 (23.0) | 529 (66.9) | 8.286 (0.005) | 135 (24.0) | 369 (65.7) | 0.847 (0.360) | 1.060 | 0.722 | 1.554 | 0.766 |
| No | 32 (4.0) | 48 (6.1) | 17 (3.0) | 41 (7.3) | 0.591 | 0.219 | 1.596 | 0.298 | |||
| Crude | 0.986 | 0.678 | 1.431 | 0.941 | |||||||
| Adjusted1 (includes general characteristics) | 0.918 | 0.634 | 1.329 | 0.649 | |||||||
| Adjusted2 (includes general and parental characteristics) | 0.862 | 0.596 | 1.248 | 0.431 | |||||||