Table 2.

Multiple regression results for platform empowerment and self-empowerment predicting three dimensions of learning motivation.

Dependent variable	Platform empowerment	Platform empowerment_p	Self-empowerment	Self-empowerment _p	R 2
Learning_Interest	0.675626	7.198179e-178	0.269407	1.919696e-36	0.868067
Learning_Relevance	0.647395	1.917997e-134	0.293059	6.623509e-33	0.830315
Persistence and Confidence	0.631948	6.876747e-129	0.314588	3.363056e-37	0.830966

All coefficients are standardized β. All models significant at p < 0.001. Model fit indices: R² represents the proportion of variance explained.