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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Apr 8.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Sens J. 2025 Sep 4;25(20):38109–38122. doi: 10.1109/jsen.2025.3603955

TABLE II:

Comparison of the proposed power optimization method with the existing FOCV-MPPT method.

Reference JSSC’20 [26] JSSC’15 [27] IEEE Access’21 [29] TPEL’25 [25] This work
Harvester Triboelectric Piezoelcetric Triboelectric Triboelectric Triboelectric
Power optimization method FOCV-MPPT Adaptive FOCV-MPPT FOCV-MPPT P&O-MPPT Load capacitance sizing
Technology 0.18μm BCDMOS 0.35μm BCDMOS Discrete 0.18μm BCDMOS Discrete
Operation frequency (Hz) 1−5Hz 90kHz 10Hz 5Hz 1−5Hz
Power consumed by MPPT system 257nW 5μW 1 to 4μW
(MPPT + SSHI)		 786nW None