Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample
| Characteristics | N=61 Mean (SD) or n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 72.6 (6.5) |
| Female | 38 (62.3%) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 47 (77.1%) |
| College graduate | 51 (83.6%) |
| Retired | 42 (68.9%) |
| Body mass index | 28.5 (7.2) |
| Cognitive impairmenta | 13 (21.3%) |
| History of diabetesb | 10 (16.4%) |
| History of coronary artery diseaseb | 6 (9.8%) |
| History of heart failureb | 4 (6.6%) |
| History of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseb | 8 (13.1%) |
| History of a psychiatric disorderc | 24 (39.3%) |
| History of sleep disorderb | 20 (32.8%) |
| Sleep Apnead | 15 (24.6%) |
| Insomnia | 7 (11.5%) |
| Restless legs syndrome | 2 (3.3%) |
| Self-reported daily nappinge | 9 (14.8%) |
| Medication countf | 7.6 (4.8) |
| Reported use of a sleep aid in the past two weeksg | 19 (31.7%) |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score | 9.4 (3.9) |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale score | 7.9 (5.0) |
| Insomnia Severity Index score | 12.9 (5.0) |
| Total sleep time, minutesh | 365.4 (100.8) |
| Wake after sleep onset, minutesh | 83.4 (62.8) |
| Apnea hypopnea index, events/hourh | 19.9 (15.4) |
| Periodic limb movement index, events/hourh | 7.6 (14.4) |
Score <12 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment short form.
Self-reported physician diagnosis
Self-reported physician diagnosis of at least one of the following: depression (13), anxiety (17), bipolar disorder (1), post-traumatic stress disorder (3), substance use disorders (1).
2 participants used continuous positive airway pressure therapy during the study.
Naps average around 44 minutes a day, with the shortest nap being 10 minutes and the longest being 75 minutes.
Total number of medications taken in the past two weeks, including prescription medications and over-the-counter use of aspirin, pain medication (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen), allergy/cold medicines, or antacids (e.g., tums, famotidine, proton pump inhibitor); does not include use of bowel regimens, eyedrops, topical lotions, nasal sprays, multivitamins or probiotics.
Inquired by asking, “In the past two weeks, have you taken a sleep aide to help you sleep during the night?” and includes prescription or over-the-counter medications or supplements.
From polysomnography