Table 1.
Descriptive summary of the participants and gender group effects
| Total | Male | Female | χ2/t | P | φc/Cohen’s d |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 23.99 (8.05) | 24.19 (7.79) | 23.83 (8.26) | −0.41 | 0.69 | 0.045 |
| Education years | 12.86 (2.99) | 12.79 (3.05) | 12.91 (2.95) | 0.37 | 0.71 | −0.04 |
| Duration of illness (months) | 34.84 (43.69) | 36.73 (46.72) | 33.35 (41.27) | −0.67 | 0.50 | 0.077 |
| Age of onset (years) | 20.89 (7.31) | 20.60 (6.24) | 21.12 (8.05) | 0.64 | 0.53 | −0.072 |
| Diagnosis | 0.30 | 0.59 | −0.029 | |||
| SCZ | 146 | 60 | 86 | |||
| BD | 193 | 85 | 108 | |||
| PANSS | ||||||
| Positive factor | 9.82 (5.45) | 9.56 (5.31) | 10.03 (5.56) | 0.77 | 0.44 | −0.086 |
| Negative factor | 14.09 (7.84) | 14.36 (8.07) | 13.89 (7.68) | −0.54 | 0.59 | 0.06 |
| Disorganized factor | 7.30 (3.79) | 7.66 (4.04) | 7.02 (3.57) | −1.51 | 0.13 | 0.17 |
| Excited factor | 7.78 (4.18) | 7.59 (4.26) | 7.93 (4.11) | 0.74 | 0.46 | −0.081 |
| Depressed factor | 7.02 (3.08) | 6.80 (2.93) | 7.18 (3.19) | −1.13 | 0.26 | −0.13 |
| HAMD | ||||||
| Anxiety | 2.73 (2.31) | 2.78 (2.29) | 2.70 (2.33) | −0.31 | 0.76 | 0.035 |
| Depression | 4.22 (3.60) | 3.84 (3.36) | 4.49 (3.74) | 1.66 | 0.098 | −0.18 |
| Insomnia | 1.57 (1.62) | 1.44 (1.61) | 1.67 (1.63) | 1.29 | 0.20 | −0.14 |
| Somatic symptoms | 1.04 (1.41) | 0.88 (1.28) | 1.16 (1.49) | 1.80 | 0.073 | −0.20 |
| YMRS | 7.65 (8.30) | 7.03 (8.10) | 8.13 (8.43) | 1.20 | 0.23 | −0.13 |
| Cognitive function | ||||||
| TMT-A time | 41.10 (17.03) | 41.36 (17.50) | 40.91 (16.72) | −0.23 | 0.82 | 0.026 |
| TMT-B time | 69.20 (32.10) | 73.78 (36.02) | 65.83 (28.51) | −2.17 | 0.030 | 0.25 |
| DSB | 50.80 (17.64) | 48.31 (17.31) | 52.62 (17.70) | 2.12 | 0.035 | −0.25 |
| Logical memory immediately | 7.69 (4.35) | 7.17 (4.00) | 8.08 (4.57) | 1.84 | 0.067 | −0.21 |
| Logical memory delayed | 5.88 (4.21) | 5.45 (3.50) | 6.18 (4.62) | 1.46 | 0.15 | −0.18 |
| GAF | 53.24 (14.30) | 53.79 (14.42) | 52.81 (14.24) | −0.62 | 0.53 | 0.068 |
Note: P < .05 are shown in bold. SCZ, schizophrenia; BD, bipolar disorder; PANSS, the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; HAMD, Hamilton depression scale; YMRS, Young mania rating scale; TMT, trail making test; DSB, digital symbol substitution; GAF, global assessment of functioning.