Table 1.

Review of the cases of Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada posterior like uveitis reported in literature

Patients (age, sex, type of tumor, references)	PD-1 inhibitor (dosage, cycle, period)	AV initial (right eye (OD), left eye (OS))	Multimodal images (fundi, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI))	Treatments	AV final (OD, OS)
60 years, female, melanoma [3]	Nivolumab (94 mg/body, 3 cycle, 3 months)	Blurred vision OU	Fundi: red depigmented fundi of both eyes	0.1% betamethasone and nonsteroidal bromfenac eye drops	Complete remission
63 years, F, melanoma [5]	Nivolumab (–, two cycles, about 1 month)	0.7, 0.4	OCT: SRD, wavy RPE; FFA: pinpoints ICGA: choroidal hyperfluorescence, hypofluorescent dark spots	0.1% betamethasone eye drops	1.0, 0.9
61 years, F, ovarian cancer [6]	Nivolumab (2 mg/kg, four cycles, 4 months)	20/100, 20/40	Fundus: optic disk edema, choroidal swelling OCT: choroidal folding and thickening; massive SRF with choroidal folding, hyperreflective points outer nuclear layer; FFA: multiple leakage points, optic disc staining	IV 1 g/day 3 days; oral prednisolone	20/20, 20/20
59 years, M, metastatic melanoma [4]	Pembrolizumab (–, NA, 16 months)	20/20, 20/20	Fundi: bilateral SRD, 360° peripheral choroidal detachment, papillary edema OCT: choroidal folds, SRF FFA: hyperfluorescent optic nerve; ICGA: no abnormality	Methylprednisolone intravenous 1 mg/kg, then oral prednisone 1 mg/kg, subconjunctival and topic corticoid	20/20, 20/20
68 years, F, metastatic melanoma [7]	Pembrolizumab (–, –, 3 months)	0.6, 1.2	Fundi: choroidal folds OU OCT: thickened choroid and choroidal folds, SRD (OD); AS-OCT: ciliary body edema and detachment FFA: spotted hyperfluorescence, leakage of fluorescein from the both optic disks ICGA: hypofluorescent dark area	Oral prednisolone 55 mg/day and topical 0.1% betamethasone	1.0, 1.2
63 years, M, hypopharyngeal cancer [8]	Nivolumab (160 mg, two cycles, –)	10/200, 20/50	Fundi: papilledema and diffuse DSR OU OCT: wavy RPE; SRF; optic disc swelling FFA: leakages of fundi and optic disc; ICGA: leakage, incompetency of the choroidal circulation, hypo fluorescent dark dots	Sub-tenon injections of triamcinolone acetonide without remission; then intravenous 1 g/day 3 days, oral prednisone 50 mg/day	Complete remission
49 years, F, renal cell carcinoma [13]	Nivolumab (–, every 2 weeks, 2 years)	20/200, 20/40	Fundi: creamy, elevated lesion underling choroidal thickening, SRF OCT: bacillary layer detachment, SRF, choroidal thickening and folds FFA: pooling of dye, mottled hypofluorescence and punctate foci of hyperfluorescence ICGA: hypofluorescence	Oral prednisone 60 mg/day	20/40, 20/32
73 years, M, melanoma [9]	Nivolumab (2 mg/kg, four cycles, 12 weeks)	Blurred vision	Fundi: circumference SRD, MRI: diffuse thickening of the choroid	Methylprednisolone intravenous 500 mg/day for 3 days; oral prednisolone 40 mg/day	AV recovered
58 years, M, lung adenocarcinoma [10]	Nivolumab (3 mg/kg, six cycles, 4 months)	0.8, 0.08	OCT: DSR, wavy RPE, and thickening of the choroid FFA: superfluorescence of the optic disc and granular hyperfluorescence ICGA: patchy low fluorescence of the choroid	0.1% betamethasone eye drop; recurrence: hydrocortisone intravenous 150 mg/day for 3 days, oral hydrocortisone 30–20 mg	1.2, 1.2
75 years, F, metastatic melanoma [12]	Nivolumab (–, one cycle, 10 days)	20/170, 20/30	Fundi: reduced retinal pigmentation, macular oedema and optic disc swelling OCT: SRF and multiple hyperreflective inner retinal round foci;	0.1% dexamethasone eye drop;	20/30, 20/30
69 years, M, bladder urothelial carcinoma [11]	Toripalimab (–, 19 cycles, 18 months)	Counting fingers OU	Fundi: edema of the optic disc, peripheral SRD with no retinal tears OCT: swollen choroid, bacillary layer SRD FFA: pin-point hyperfluorescence	Intravitreal implant of dexamethasone, oral prednisone 60 mg/day	20/25, 20/25

AV Acuity visual, VKH Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada, OD right eye, OS left eye, PD programmed death, OCT optical coherence tomography, FFA fluorescein fundus angiography, ICGA indocyanine green angiography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, VA visual acuity, F female, M masculine, – default, SRD serous retinal detachment, RPE retinal pigment epithelium, IV injection venous, SRF subretinal fluid, OU both eyes, AS-OCT anterior segment OCT