Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population across socioeconomic and residence
| Variables | Socioeconomic status | Residence | Total N = 29,817 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor n = 15,189 | Non poor n = 14,628 | Urban n = 17,755 | Rural n = 12,062 | ||
| % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | |
| Sociodemographic | |||||
| Age | |||||
| 15–24 | 6.60 (0.14) | 9.66 (0.17) | 8.93 (0.15) | 7.33 (0.16) | 16.27 (0.22) |
| 25–44 | 19.63 (0.24) | 18.58 (0.24) | 19.43 (0.22) | 18.77 (0.26) | 38.21 (0.32) |
| 45–59 | 16.52 (0.29) | 13.95 (0.27) | 14.70 (0.24) | 30.47 (0.35) | 30.47 (0.35) |
| ≥ 60 | 9.24 (0.23) | 5.81 (0.19) | 7.02 (0.18) | 8.03 (0.23) | 15.06 (0.28) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 31.66 (0.32) | 14.75 (0.23) | 23.39 (0.26) | 23.02 (0.31) | 46.41 (0.35) |
| Female | 20.33 (0.28) | 33.26 (0.33) | 26.71 (0.28) | 26.89 (0.34) | 53.59 (0.35) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 40.47 (0.34) | 33.66 (0.33) | 35.68 (0.31) | 38.45 (0.35) | 74.13 (0.30) |
| Single | 11.52 (0.22) | 14.35 (0.23) | 14.41 (0.21) | 11.45 (0.24) | 25.87 (0.30) |
| Education level | |||||
| Non or low than high school | 38.84 (0.35) | 35.81 (0.34) | 32.92 (0.31) | 41.74 (0.36) | 74.66 (0.28) |
| High school and high | 13.15 (0.21) | 12.19 (0.20) | 17.18 (0.22) | 8.16 (0.18) | 25.34 (0.28) |
| Life style | |||||
| Smoking staus | |||||
| Non smoker | 26.83 (0.31) | 36.31 (0.33) | 32.58 (0.30) | 30.56 (0.34) | 63.14 (0.34) |
| Former smoker | 3.39 (0.12) | 1.44 (0.08) | 2.73 (0.10) | 2.10 (0.11) | 4.83 (0.15) |
| Current smoker | 21.77 (0.29) | 10.26 (0.20) | 14.78 (0.22) | 17.25 (0.288) | 32.03 (0.32) |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Low | 11.54 (0.21) | 11.66 (0.21) | 12.77 (0.20) | 10.43 (0.22) | 23.19 (0.28) |
| Moderate | 19.45 (0.27) | 19.06 (0.27) | 20.39 (0.25) | 18.13 (0.29) | 38.51 (0.34) |
| High | 21.00 (0.29) | 17.29 (0.27) | 16.94 (0.24) | 21.35 (0.32) | 38.29 (0.34) |
| Health realted factor | |||||
| Self-Reported Health | |||||
| Healthy | 40.71 (0.34) | 37.20 (0.33) | 39.18 (0.32) | 38.73 (0.35) | 77.91 (0.29) |
| Unhealthy | 11.28 (0.22) | 10.81 (0.21) | 10.91 (0.20) | 11.18 (0.24) | 22.09 (0.29) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| No | 37.12 (0.33) | 34.37 (0.32) | 34.53 (0.31) | 36.96 (0.35) | 71.49 (0.32) |
| Yes | 14.87 (0.26) | 13.63 (0.25) | 15.56 (0.24) | 12.94 (0.27) | 28.51 (0.32) |
| BMI | |||||
| Normal | 30.12 (0.32) | 25.29 (0.30) | 26.24 (0.28) | 29.17 (0.34) | 55.41 (0.35) |
| Underweight | 6.27 (0.17) | 5.74 (0.15) | 5.25 (0.13) | 6.76 (0.19) | 12.01 (0.23) |
| Overweight | 11.90 (0.22) | 12.30 (0.23) | 13.52 (0.21) | 10.68 (0.24) | 24.20 (0.30) |
| Obese | 3.69 (0.13) | 4.67 (0.14) | 5.07 (0.13) | 3.29 (0.14) | 8.36 (0.19) |
| Depressive symptoms | |||||
| No | 41.34 (0.34) | 37.36 (0.34) | 39.23 (0.32) | 39.46 (0.36) | 78.70 (0.28) |
| Yes | 10.66 (0.21) | 10.65 (0.20) | 10.86 (0.19) | 10.44 (0.22) | 21.30 (0.28) |
| Food Frequency | |||||
| Protein consumption per week | |||||
| < 7 | 30.40 (0.32) | 28.72 (0.31) | 27.59 (0.29) | 27.07 (0.34) | 54.65 (0.35) |
| ≥ 7 | 21.60 (0.29) | 19.28 (0.27) | 22.51 (0.26) | 22.84 (0.31) | 45.35 (0.35) |
| Vegetables consumption per week | |||||
| < 7 | 28.12 (0.32) | 26.53 (0.31) | 27.59 (0.29) | 27.07 (0.34) | 54.65 (0.35) |
| ≥ 7 | 23.88 (0.29) | 21.47 (0.28) | 22.51 (0.26) | 22.84 (0.31) | 45.35 (0.35) |
| Fruits consumption per week | |||||
| < 7 | 30.87 (0.32) | 27.92 (0.31) | 30.07 (0.30) | 28.71 (0.34) | 58.78 (0.34) |
| ≥ 7 | 21.13 (0.28) | 20.09 (0.28) | 20.02 (0.25) | 21.20 (0.31) | 41.22 (0.34) |
| Unhealthy Food consumption per week | |||||
| < 7 | 29.64 (0.32) | 26.77 (0.30) | 28.35 (0.29) | 28.06 (65.41) | 56.41 (0.35) |
| ≥ 7 | 22.35 (0.30) | 21.24 (0.29) | 21.84 (0.26) | 21.84 (0.32) | 43.59 (0.35) |
| Environment factors | |||||
| Water source | |||||
| Improved | 45.53 (0.35) | 41.69 (0.34) | 46.25 (0.34) | 40.97 (0.35) | 87.22 (0.24) |
| Unimproved | 6.46 (0.18) | 6.31 (0.17) | 3.84 (0.12) | 8.93 (0.22) | 12.78 (0.24) |
| Water treatment | |||||
| Boiled | 49.93 (0.35) | 46.11 (0.35) | 48.97 (0.35) | 47.07 (0.35) | 96.04 (0.12) |
| Un boiled | 2.06 (0.09) | 1.89 (0.08) | 1.11 (0.05) | 2.83 (0.11) | 3.95 (0.12) |
| Sanitation facility (sewage) | |||||
| Improved | 12.52 (0.24) | 12.04 (0.23) | 9.86 (0.19) | 14.70 (0.27) | 24.56 (0.31) |
| Unimproved | 39.47 (0.34) | 35.97 (0.33) | 40.23 (0.33) | 35.21 (0.35) | 75.44 (0.31) |
| Garbage disposal | |||||
| Friendly | 20.65 (0.27) | 19.00 (0.26) | 28.69 (0.29) | 10.96 (0.23) | 39.65 (0.33) |
| Unfriendly | 31.34 (0.33) | 29.01 (0.32) | 21.40 (0.26) | 38.95 (0.35) | 60.35 (0.33) |
| Household toilet | |||||
| Indoor | 45.74 (0.35) | 42.19 (0.34) | 46.07 (0.34) | 41.85 (0.35) | 87.93 (0.24) |
| Outdoor | 6.25 (0.18) | 5.81 (0.35) | 4.02 (0.12) | 8.05 (0.21) | 12.07 (0.24) |
Percentages are weighted using IFLS-5 cross-sectional survey weights (pwt14usxa weights, Complete case analysis was applied; missing data were < 5%