Table 4. Mixed-effects logistic regression for locum consultations over time in England^a .

Variable	Odds ratio	95% CI	P-value
Female sex	1.012	1.008 to 1.016	<0.001
Age	0.994	0.994 to 0.994	<0.001
Cambridge multimorbidity score	0.931	0.928 to 0.933	<0.001
Patient list size	1.000	1.000 to 1.001	<0.001
IMD quintile
1 (most deprived)	Reference
2	1.013	1.007 to 1.020	<0.001
3	1.014	1.007 to 1.021	<0.001
4	1.019	1.012 to 1.027	<0.001
5 (least deprived)	1.020	1.012 to 1.028	<0.001
Rural practice	1.003	0.993 to 1.012	<0.537
Region
Midlands	Reference
North East	0.158	0.039 to 0.641	<0.010
North West	1.308	0.654 to 2.614	<0.448
Yorkshire and Humber	0.773	0.236 to 2.532	<0.670
East of England	0.399	0.177 to 0.901	<0.027
London	2.059	1.039 to 4.078	<0.038
South East	1.091	0.570 to 2.088	<0.792
South West	1.648	0.781 to 3.481	<0.190
Year
2010	Reference
2011	1.075	1.067 to 1.083	<0.001
2012	1.082	1.074 to 1.090	<0.001
2013	1.093	1.085 to 1.102	<0.001
2014	1.212	1.203 to 1.222	<0.001
2015	1.237	1.227 to 1.248	<0.001
2016	1.322	1.310 to 1.334	<0.001
2017	1.620	1.604 to 1.636	<0.001
2018	1.756	1.738 to 1.774	<0.001
2019	1.965	1.944 to 1.987	<0.001
2020	2.024	1.995 to 2.053	<0.001
2021	2.617	2.571 to 2.663	<0.001
Constant	0.045	0.027 to 0.075	<0.001

^aEstimated using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models, patients nested within practices. Sample consultations, n = 13 696 455; sample practices, n = 407. IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation.