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. 2026 Mar 26;14:1742610. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1742610

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Copyright © 2026 Xie and Xie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating relationships among financial inclusion, environmental quality, and public health outcomes. Financial inclusion, defined by commercial bank branch density, provides access to capital, positively influencing environmental quality through increased renewable energy adoption, reduced emissions, and lower air pollution. Improved environmental quality serves as a mediation channel, leading to lower infant and under-five mortality rates. Control variables include GDP per capita, urban population, squared GDP, government expenditure, and the fossil fuel share in energy consumption. — Conceptual framework linking financial access, environmental quality, and public health in BRICS economies.