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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Apr 10.
Published in final edited form as: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2022 Sep 26;307:103964. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103964

Fig 1. Overview of surgical preparation, EMG placement, and cough measures.

Fig 1.

A) A diagram illustrates EMG and tracheostomy setup. Parasternals and internal obliques were recorded bilaterally. For experiments without added CO2, the end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) line was connected to the Air/CO2 port. Cough was mechanically stimulated with a flexible plastic cannula in the thoracic trachea. EMG placements were confirmed visually, corresponding to their activity during control cough and swallow trials. B) A representative cough trial shows cough phase duration and amplitude measurements. The top pairs of traces are integrated and raw electromyograms (EMGs), respectively, of respiratory muscles: the inspiratory diaphragm (DIA) and expiratory internal obliques (IO). Their pattern of activation generates an intrathoracic pressure that was measured by an esophageal balloon (ESPR). An end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) recording provided additional information about respiratory state. Cardiovascular data were measured with a blood pressure (BP) transducer and electrocardiography (not shown).