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. 2026 Mar 26;17:1787234. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1787234

Table 2.

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with voice handicap.

Variable B OR (Exp(B)) 95% confidence interval p
Age (years) −0.008 0.99 0.94–1.05 0.770
Education level (overall) <0.001
Education level (1) −0.663 0.51 0.19–1.41 0.197
Education level (2) −0.607 0.55 0.20–1.52 0.247
Education level (3) 0.038 1.04 0.33–3.24 0.948
Education level (4) 1.162 3.20 1.14–8.95 0.027
Education level (5) −0.679 0.51 0.18–1.44 0.201
Smoking status (yes) 0.309 1.36 0.76–2.45 0.300
Presence of chronic disease −0.168 0.85 0.45–1.61 0.609
Psychiatric medication use 1.159 3.19 1.63–6.23 0.001
Implant treatment duration (years) 0.152 1.16 0.99–1.36 0.058

*Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test: p > 0.05.