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. 2026 Mar 3;8:39. doi: 10.1186/s42523-026-00539-8

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Bacterial community dynamics under different experimental conditions. (A) Relative abundance of bacterial taxa at the phylum level. (B) Relative abundance of the top 10 bacterial genera. (C) Hierarchical clustering of samples based on genus-level composition. (D) Alpha diversity measured using the Shannon diversity index. (E) Beta diversity analysis illustrates inter-sample variation. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05