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. 2026 Mar 3;8:39. doi: 10.1186/s42523-026-00539-8

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Community dynamics of archaeal populations under HS and TN conditions. (A) Relative abundance of archaeal taxa at the phylum level. (B) Relative abundance of the top 10 archaeal genera under HS and TN conditions. (C) Hierarchical clustering of samples based on genus-level composition. (D) Alpha diversity assessed using the Shannon diversity index. (E) Beta diversity analysis representing inter-sample variation. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05