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. 2026 Mar 2;9:301. doi: 10.1038/s41746-026-02495-8

Table 1.

Dataset of the three national evaluations

National Programme for Information Technology Global Digital Exemplar Programme Artificial Intelligence Lab
Timeline 2009–2011 2017–2020 2024
Design 12 longitudinal case studies 34 longitudinal case studies Largely retrospective
Number and type of participants

431 interviews

174 IT managers, 140 healthcare staff, 10 programme staff, 10 managers of medical records libraries and the outpatient departments, 6 finance directors, 9 local service providers, 5 system vendors, 13 others

628 interviews

(143 clinical digital leaders, 140 operational staff, 112 non-clinical digital leaders, 90 programme staff, 71 senior managers, 61 policymakers, 4 engagement leads 3 vendors, and 4 others

85 interviews

22 NHS England staff, 15 academics, 14 suppliers, 8 Department of Health staff, 6 previous AI Lab staff, 3 regulators, and 17 others

Number of documents 809 389 1021
Number of observations 590 217 12