Figure 4.

Construction and validation of the diagnostic model. (A) Heatmap of the diagnostic model constructed based on 113 machine learning methods (yellow bars label model performance values; image shows top performers); (B-E) diagnostic ROC curves of the training set and 3 validation sets; (F-I) confusion matrices of the training cohort and 3 validation cohorts in sequence. AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; GBM, glioblastoma; LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; LDA, linear discriminant analysis; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; SVM, support vector machine.