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Direction and location. (a) Vectorial metabolism. Protons are pumped outward by the respiratory chain and return via the ATP synthase. (b) A polarized cell, with much of its physiology directed towards the transport of secretory vesicles to the tip. n, nucleus; v, vacuole; m, mitochondrion. Based on an electron micrograph of a shmoo of S. cerevisiae by Baba et al. (6). (c) Three patterns of localized wall deposition in growing bacteria: zonal, dispersed, and apical.
