TABLE 3.
SARS-CoV animal models
| Animal model and reference(s) | Species | Follow-up days p.i. | Major finding(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nonhuman primates | |||
| 102, 164 | Cynomolgus macaques | 6 | SARS-CoV fulfills Koch's postulates; three of four macaques developed diffuse alveolar damage similar to that observed in SARS patients |
| 268 | Cynomolgus and rhesus macaques | 14 | Macaques developed a mild self-limited respiratory infection very different from that observed in humans |
| 216 | African green monkeys, cynomolgus and rhesus macaques | 2-4 | SARS-CoV replicated to a higher titer and for a longer time in the respiratory tracts of African green monkeys than in those of rhesus or cynomolgus macaques; virus was cleared by day 4 p.i. |
| 255 | Rhesus macaques | 5-60 | Interstitial pneumonia during the 60-day period; resolution observed starting at 30 days p.i.; some clinical signs |
| 119 | Marmosets | 2-7 | Clinical signs (diarrhea, dyspnea, fever) were observed; extrapulmonary disease |
| Rodents | |||
| 295 | BALB/c mice | 2-7 | SARS-CoV replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, virus was cleared by day 7 p.i.; no clinical disease; mice developed neutralizing antibody immune response |
| 110 | C57B/L6 mice, beige, CD1−/−, RAG1−/− | 1-15 | In B6 mice, the virus was cleared by a mechanism independent of NK, NK-T, and B of T lymphocytes |
| 137 | 129SvEv, Stat1−/− | 1-22 | IFNs had a role in controlling SARS-CoV infection |
| 263 | Aged mice | Elevated levels of IFN-α, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, suggesting that a proinflammatory cytokine response may be responsible for SARS-associated events | |
| 264 | Golden Syrian hamsters | 2-14 | Longer duration of viral shedding from the upper respiratory tract (day 14 p.i.); a transient viremia; spread to extrapulmonary tissues (liver and spleen); most significantly, inflammation in the respiratory tract associated with viral replication |
| Ferrets | |||
| 207 | 2-14 | Multifocal lung pathology, milder than in macaques; lethargy and death (1/6 animals) | |
| 331 | 1-29 | Ferrets support SARS-CoV replication, but animals were asymptomatic; exarcerbated liver inflammation observed after vaccination with vaccinia virus-SARS-CoV spike | |
| Farmed civets | |||
| 342 | 1-33 | Farmed civets were susceptible to experimental infection with SARS-CoV and developed fever and lethargy |