. 2026 Feb 3;12(1):34–43. doi: 10.1016/j.afos.2026.01.001

Table 2.

Model-based centiles for handgrip strength, gait speed, and skeletal muscle mass by sex and age group.

	Female							Male
	5th	15th	20th	50th	75th	85th	95th	5th	15th	20th	50th	75th	85th	95th
Handgrip strength (kg)
Total	12	15.2	16.1	19.8	23.02	24.9	28.5	18.7	23.4	24.9	30.5	35.3	38	43.4
Middle age	14.5	17.4	18.2	21.9	25	26.6	30.1	23.1	27.2	28.4	34	39	41.9	46.7
Elderly	10.8	13.9	14.96	18.6	21.2	22.9	25.78	17.6	21.8	23.2	28.5	32.8	35	38.9
40–44 yr	16	18.68	19.56	23.51	26.84	28.67	31.84	*25.16*	29.04	30.36	36.49	41.92	45.04	50.61
45–49 yr	*15.71*	18.36	19.24	23.16	26.44	28.26	31.39	*24.38*	28.45	29.8	35.88	41.03	43.89	48.86
50–54 yr	*14.97*	*17.56*	18.41	22.22	25.41	27.18	30.22	*23.32*	*27.58*	28.95	34.95	39.81	42.44	46.89
55–59 yr	*14.08*	*16.57*	*17.4*	21.07	24.15	25.85	28.79	*22.06*	*26.43*	*27.8*	33.63	38.19	40.6	44.6
60–64 yr	*13.44*	*15.87*	*16.67*	20.25	23.25	24.91	27.76	*20.78*	*25.11*	*26.45*	32.04	36.33	38.58	42.27
65–69 yr	*12.77*	*15.17*	*15.97*	19.51	22.47	24.11	26.92	*19.6*	*23.75*	*25.03*	30.39	34.5	36.64	40.18
70–74 yr	*11.47*	*13.84*	*14.63*	18.12	21.06	22.68	25.47	*18.32*	*22.18*	*23.4*	28.53	32.54	34.65	38.16
75–79 yr	*9.91*	*12.28*	*13.07*	*16.59*	19.55	21.19	24.01	*16.69*	*20.32*	*21.47*	*26.44*	30.39	32.5	36.04
≥ 80 yr	*8.35*	*10.73*	*11.52*	*15.08*	18.08	19.74	22.62	*14.71*	*18.22*	*19.34*	*24.2*	28.08	30.16	33.66

Gait speed (m/sec)
Total	0.58	0.8	0.85	1.09	1.27	1.5	1.82	0.6	0.79	0.85	1.08	1.24	1.5	1.84
Middle age	0.75	0.92	1	1.13	1.38	1.51	1.9	0.75	0.93	1	1.17	1.4	1.54	1.96
Elderly	0.5	0.72	0.76	1	1.2	1.41	1.71	0.55	0.75	0.8	1	1.2	1.36	1.67
40–44 yr	*0.77*	*0.91*	*0.95*	1.18	1.4	1.53	1.78	*0.8*	*0.93*	*0.98*	1.22	1.47	1.63	1.95
45–49 yr	*0.76*	*0.9*	*0.95*	1.2	1.43	1.57	1.83	*0.78*	*0.92*	*0.97*	1.22	1.47	1.63	1.95
50–54 yr	*0.73*	*0.88*	*0.94*	1.19	1.44	1.58	1.85	*0.76*	*0.89*	*0.94*	1.19	1.45	1.61	1.92
55–59 yr	*0.7*	*0.86*	*0.91*	1.18	1.43	1.58	1.85	*0.72*	*0.86*	*0.91*	1.16	1.41	1.56	1.86
60–64 yr	*0.65*	*0.81*	*0.87*	1.14	1.4	1.55	1.83	*0.68*	*0.82*	*0.87*	1.12	1.36	1.51	1.8
65–69 yr	*0.6*	*0.76*	*0.82*	1.09	1.35	1.5	1.77	*0.64*	*0.78*	*0.83*	1.08	1.32	1.46	1.74
70–74 yr	*0.52*	*0.69*	*0.74*	1.01	1.26	1.4	1.67	*0.58*	*0.73*	*0.78*	1.03	1.26	1.4	1.67
75–79 yr	*0.44*	*0.6*	*0.65*	*0.91*	1.14	1.27	1.51	*0.5*	*0.64*	*0.69*	*0.94*	1.18	1.32	1.58
≥ 80 yr	*0.36*	*0.5*	*0.55*	*0.79*	1	1.12	1.34	*0.4*	*0.55*	*0.6*	*0.85*	1.08	1.22	1.47

Skeletal muscle mass (kg/m²)
Total	5.66	6	6.11	6.69	7.4	7.97	8.8	6.8	7.4	7.6	8.61	9.58	10.06	11.09
Middle age	5.65	5.97	6.07	6.66	7.33	7.85	8.73	7.26	7.77	7.92	8.89	9.81	10.31	11.39
Elderly	5.66	6.01	6.15	6.71	7.45	8.05	8.84	6.64	7.21	7.42	8.41	9.43	9.91	10.92
40–44 yr	5.63	5.97	6.09	6.74	7.44	7.92	9	7.36	7.98	8.19	9.17	10.05	10.56	11.47
45–49 yr	*5.62*	5.96	6.08	6.71	7.37	7.81	8.77	7.38	7.93	8.12	9.05	9.94	10.47	11.5
50–54 yr	*5.61*	5.94	6.06	6.67	7.31	7.73	8.62	7.34	7.85	8.03	8.93	9.81	10.37	11.47
55–59 yr	*5.6*	5.94	6.06	6.67	7.3	7.71	8.57	7.21	7.73	7.91	8.81	9.68	10.23	11.3
60–64 yr	*5.59*	5.95	6.07	6.7	7.34	7.76	8.62	7	7.56	7.75	8.69	9.56	10.09	11.08
65–69 yr	5.6	5.96	6.09	6.74	7.4	7.83	8.7	*6.74*	7.36	7.58	8.56	9.45	9.96	10.89
70–74 yr	*5.61*	5.98	6.12	6.78	7.46	7.89	8.77	*6.54*	7.19	7.41	8.44	9.36	9.88	10.82
75–79 yr	*5.62*	6	6.14	6.82	7.5	7.93	8.8	*6.43*	7.07	7.29	8.32	9.27	9.83	10.85
≥ 80 yr	*5.63*	6.02	6.16	6.85	7.52	7.95	8.79	*6.36*	6.97	7.18	8.2	9.17	9.76	10.88

Values are presented as model-based centile cutoffs (5th, 15th, 20th, 50th, 75th, 85th, and 95th) derived from sex- and age-specific GAMLSS reference distributions. Handgrip strength is expressed in kilograms (kg), gait speed in meters per second (m/s), and skeletal muscle mass as skeletal muscle mass index (kg/m²). Values meeting the AWGS 2019 diagnostic cutoff criteria are highlighted with a bold italic characters.