Table 3.

Model-based standardized Z and T scores and centiles for handgrip strength by sex and age group.

	Female								Male
	Mean ± SD	5th	15th	20th	50th	75th	85th	95th	Mean ± SD	5th	15th	20th	50th	75th	85th	95th
Total	20.03 ± 5	12	15.2	16.1	19.8	23.02	24.9	28.5	30.69 ± 7.46	18.7	23.4	24.9	30.5	35.3	38	43.4
Z score		−1.61	−0.97	−0.79	−0.05	0.6	0.97	1.69		−1.61	−0.98	−0.78	−0.02	0.62	0.98	1.7
T score		34	40	42	50	56	60	67		34	40	42	50	56	60	67
Middle age	22.00 ± 4.81	14.5	17.4	18.2	21.9	25	26.6	30.1	34.34 ± 7.45	23.1	27.2	28.4	34	39	41.9	46.7
Z score		−1.56	−0.96	−0.79	−0.02	0.62	0.96	1.69		−1.51	−0.96	−0.8	−0.05	0.63	1.01	1.66
T score		34	40	42	50	56	60	67		35	40	42	50	56	60	67
Elderly	18.49 ± 4.59	10.8	13.9	14.96	18.6	21.2	22.9	25.78	28.46 ± 6.53	17.6	21.8	23.2	28.5	32.8	35	38.9
Z score		−1.68	−1	−0.77	0.02	0.59	0.96	1.59		−1.66	−1.02	−0.8	0.01	0.66	1	1.6
T score		33	40	42	50	56	60	66		33	40	42	50	57	60	66
40–44 yr	23.35 ± 4.96	16	18.68	19.56	23.51	26.84	28.67	31.84	36.77 ± 8.04	25.16	29.04	30.36	36.49	41.92	45.04	50.61
Z score		−1.48	−0.94	−0.76	0.03	0.7	1.07	1.71		−1.44	−0.96	−0.8	−0.04	0.64	1.03	1.72
T score		35	41	42	50	57	61	67		36	40	42	50	56	60	67
45–49 yr	23.79 ± 4.6	15.71	18.36	19.24	23.16	26.44	28.26	31.39	36.42 ± 7.23	24.38	28.45	29.8	35.88	41.03	43.89	48.86
Z score		−1.76	−1.18	−0.99	−0.14	0.58	0.97	1.65		−1.67	−1.1	−0.92	−0.07	0.64	1.03	1.72
T score		32	38	40	49	56	60	67		33	39	41	49	56	60	67
50–54 yr	22.38 ± 4.61	14.97	17.56	18.41	22.22	25.41	27.18	30.22	35.08 ± 7.56	23.32	27.58	28.95	34.95	39.81	42.44	46.89
Z score		−1.61	−1.05	−0.86	−0.04	0.66	1.04	1.7		−1.56	−0.99	−0.81	−0.02	0.63	0.97	1.56
T score		34	40	41	50	57	60	67		34	40	42	50	56	60	66
55–59 yr	21.32 ± 4.88	14.08	16.57	17.4	21.07	24.15	25.85	28.79	33.73 ± 6.82	22.06	26.43	27.8	33.63	38.19	40.6	44.6
Z score		−1.48	−0.97	−0.8	−0.05	0.58	0.93	1.53		−1.71	−1.07	−0.87	−0.01	0.65	1.01	1.59
T score		35	40	42	50	56	59	65		33	39	41	50	57	60	66
60–64 yr	20.18 ± 4.21	13.44	15.87	16.67	20.25	23.25	24.91	27.76	31.68 ± 6.72	20.78	25.11	26.45	32.04	36.33	38.58	42.27
Z score		−1.6	−1.02	−0.83	0.02	0.73	1.12	1.8		−1.62	−0.98	−0.78	0.05	0.69	1.03	1.57
T score		34	40	42	50	57	61	68		34	40	42	51	57	60	66
65–69 yr	19.85 ± 4.32	12.77	15.17	15.97	19.51	22.47	24.11	26.92	30.46 ± 6.25	19.6	23.75	25.03	30.39	34.5	36.64	40.18
Z score		−1.64	−1.08	−0.9	−0.08	0.61	0.99	1.64		−1.74	−1.07	−0.87	−0.01	0.65	0.99	1.55
T score		34	39	41	49	56	60	66		33	39	41	50	56	60	66
70–74 yr	18.31 ± 4.16	11.47	13.84	14.63	18.12	21.06	22.68	25.47	28.76 ± 6.03	18.32	22.18	23.4	28.53	32.54	34.65	38.16
Z score		−1.64	−1.07	−0.89	−0.04	0.66	1.05	1.72		−1.73	−1.09	−0.89	−0.04	0.63	0.98	1.56
T score		34	39	41	50	57	60	67		33	39	41	50	56	60	66
75–79 yr	17.01 ± 4.3	9.91	12.28	13.07	16.59	19.55	21.19	24.01	26.64 ± 6.12	16.69	20.32	21.47	26.44	30.39	32.5	36.04
Z score		−1.65	−1.1	−0.92	−0.1	0.59	0.97	1.63		−1.62	−1.03	−0.84	−0.03	0.61	0.96	1.53
T score		33	39	41	49	56	60	66		34	40	42	50	56	60	65
≥ 80 yr	14.96 ± 4.8	8.35	10.73	11.52	15.08	18.08	19.74	22.62	23.43 ± 5.99	14.71	18.22	19.34	24.2	28.08	30.16	33.66
Z score		−1.38	−0.88	−0.72	0.02	0.65	1	1.59		−1.46	−0.87	−0.68	0.13	0.78	1.12	1.71
T score		36	41	43	50	56	60	66		35	41	43	51	58	61	67

Values are presented as model-based mean ± standard deviation (SD) and percentile cutoffs (5th, 15th, 20th, 50th, 75th, 85th, and 95th) for handgrip strength. Handgrip strength is expressed in kilograms (kg). Percentiles and standardized scores were derived from sex- and age-specific GAMLSS models; Z scores were calculated as Z = (X − μ)/σ and converted to T scores using T = 50 + 10 × Z. Data are stratified by sex and age group.

SD, standard deviation.