Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants included in target trials before IPCW
| Characteristics | Newly onset diabetes | Exacerbated diabetes for rehospitalization | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir trial | SMD† | Molnupiravir trial | SMD† | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir trial | SMD† | Molnupiravir trial | SMD† | |||||
| Control (n = 14,521) | Treatment (n = 10,756) | Control (n = 16,117) | Treatment (n = 7601) | Control (n = 6151) | Treatment (n = 4547) | Control (n = 7771) | Treatment (n = 5465) | |||||
| Age | 67.5 (22.2) | 73.0 (16.0) | 0.00 | 68.7 (22.0) | 76.3 (16.4) | 0.03 | 77.3 (12.8) | 76.7 (11.1) | − 0.02 | 77.6 (12.7) | 77.9 (12.0) | 0.01 |
| Sex | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| Female | 7616 (52.4) | 5160 (48.0) | 8367 (51.9) | 3741 (49.2) | 2738 (44.5) | 2177 (47.9) | 3490 (44.9) | 2587 (47.3) | ||||
| Male | 6905 (47.6) | 5596 (52.0) | 7750 (48.1) | 3860 (50.8) | 3413 (55.5) | 2370 (52.1) | 4281 (55.1) | 2878 (52.7) | ||||
| Vaccination status | ||||||||||||
| Unvaccinated | 4353 (30.0) | 1667 (15.5) | − 0.01 | 5074 (31.5) | 1688 (22.2) | 0.03 | 2080 (33.8) | 646 (14.2) | − 0.02 | 2773 (35.7) | 1247 (22.8) | 0.02 |
| 1–2 doses | 4527 (31.2) | 2025 (18.8) | 0.00 | 5030 (31.2) | 1716 (22.6) | 0.00 | 2171 (35.3) | 879 (19.3) | − 0.01 | 2696 (34.7) | 1283 (23.5) | 0.00 |
| ≥ 3 doses | 5641 (38.8) | 7064 (65.7) | 0.01 | 6013 (37.3) | 4197 (55.2) | − 0.02 | 1900 (30.9) | 3022 (66.5) | 0.02 | 2302 (29.6) | 2935 (53.7) | − 0.01 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 0.01 | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1, 2) | 0.02 | 1 [0–1] | 1 [0–1] | 0.00 | 1 [0–1] | 1 [0–2] | 0.03 |
| Pre-existing conditions | ||||||||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 94 (0.6) | 51 (0.5) | 0.00 | 108 (0.7) | 91 (1.2) | 0.00 | 78 (1.3) | 35 (0.8) | 0.00 | 113 (1.5) | 121 (2.2) | 0.00 |
| Congestive heart failure | 212 (1.5) | 97 (0.9) | 0.00 | 254 (1.6) | 184 (2.4) | 0.00 | 194 (3.2) | 69 (1.5) | 0.00 | 267 (3.4) | 227 (4.2) | 0.00 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 128 (0.9) | 76 (0.7) | 0.00 | 158 (1.0) | 82 (1.1) | 0.00 | 109 (1.8) | 42 (0.9) | 0.00 | 150 (1.9) | 90 (1.6) | 0.00 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1193 (8.2) | 786 (7.3) | 0.00 | 1410 (8.7) | 968 (12.7) | 0.00 | 862 (14.0) | 544 (11.9) | 0.00 | 1117 (14.4) | 862 (15.8) | 0.01 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1109 (7.6) | 537 (5.0) | 0.00 | 1222 (7.6) | 467 (6.1) | 0.00 | 453 (7.4) | 186 (4.1) | 0.00 | 553 (7.1) | 304 (5.6) | 0.00 |
| Hypertension | 4596 (31.7) | 4122 (38.3) | 0.00 | 5290 (32.8) | 3239 (42.6) | 0.01 | 3965 (64.5) | 3076 (67.6) | 0.00 | 4964 (63.9) | 3510 (64.2) | 0.00 |
| Liver disease | 330 (2.3) | 178 (1.7) | 0.00 | 451 (2.8) | 287 (3.8) | 0.00 | 216 (3.5) | 112 (2.5) | 0.00 | 369 (4.7) | 297 (5.4) | 0.00 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 41 (0.3) | 29 (0.3) | 0.00 | 46 (0.3) | 19 (0.2) | 0.00 | 17 (0.3) | 15 (0.3) | 0.00 | 19 (0.2) | 12 (0.2) | 0.00 |
| Rheumatic disease | 119 (0.8) | 93 (0.9) | 0.00 | 139 (0.9) | 106 (1.4) | 0.00 | 55 (0.9) | 26 (0.6) | 0.00 | 65 (0.8) | 35 (0.6) | 0.00 |
| Renal disease | 115 (0.8) | 53 (0.5) | 0.00 | 180 (1.1) | 184 (2.4) | 0.00 | 166 (2.7) | 67 (1.5) | − 0.01 | 292 (3.8) | 336 (6.1) | 0.00 |
| Dementia | 222 (1.5) | 113 (1.1) | 0.00 | 250 (1.6) | 174 (2.3) | 0.00 | 120 (1.9) | 60 (1.3) | − 0.01 | 143 (1.8) | 104 (1.9) | 0.01 |
| Cancer | 211 (1.5) | 158 (1.5) | 0.00 | 231 (1.4) | 110 (1.4) | 0.00 | 104 (1.7) | 78 (1.7) | 0.00 | 133 (1.7) | 82 (1.5) | 0.00 |
| Immunocompromised status | 826 (5.7) | 630 (5.9) | 0.00 | 940 (5.8) | 516 (6.8) | 0.01 | 372 (6.0) | 202 (4.4) | 0.00 | 478 (6.2) | 314 (5.7) | 0.00 |
| Concomitant pharmacological treatments | ||||||||||||
| Dexamethasone | 4821 (33.2) | 1257 (11.7) | 0.03 | 5650 (35.1) | 1675 (22.0) | 0.05 | 2815 (45.8) | 611 (13.4) | 0.01 | 3590 (46.2) | 1172 (21.4) | 0.04 |
| Methylprednisolone | 26 (0.2) | 7 (0.1) | 0.00 | 28 (0.2) | 4 (0.1) | 0.00 | 9 (0.1) | 2 (< 0.1) | 0.00 | 16 (0.2) | 2 (< 0.1) | 0.00 |
| Prednisolone | 870 (6.0) | 448 (4.2) | 0.00 | 968 (6.0) | 428 (5.6) | 0.00 | 389 (6.3) | 153 (3.4) | 0.00 | 483 (6.2) | 308 (5.6) | 0.00 |
| Baricitinib | 336 (2.3) | 123 (1.1) | 0.01 | 402 (2.5) | 88 (1.2) | 0.00 | 218 (3.5) | 58 (1.3) | 0.01 | 294 (3.8) | 67 (1.2) | 0.00 |
| Tocilizumab | 162 (1.1) | 37 (0.3) | 0.00 | 191 (1.2) | 41 (0.5) | 0.00 | 103 (1.7) | 17 (0.4) | 0.00 | 138 (1.8) | 27 (0.5) | 0.00 |
| Remdesivir | 3284 (22.6) | 817 (7.6) | 0.04 | 3706 (23.0) | 975 (12.8) | 0.05 | 1969 (31.9) | 390 (8.6) | 0.04 | 2407 (31.0) | 722 (13.2) | 0.05 |
| Interferon | 97 (0.7) | 7 (0.1) | 0.00 | 120 (0.7) | 36 (0.5) | 0.00 | 55 (0.9) | 3 (0.1) | 0.00 | 72 (0.9) | 12 (0.2) | 0.00 |
| Concomitant non-pharmacological treatments | ||||||||||||
| Intensive care unit admission | 399 (2.7) | 100 (0.9) | 0.01 | 473 (2.9) | 104 (1.4) | 0.00 | 332 (5.4) | 74 (1.6) | 0.01 | 477 (6.1) | 81 (1.5) | 0.01 |
| Use of ventilatory support | 481 (3.3) | 90 (0.8) | 0.00 | 602 (3.7) | 109 (1.4) | 0.01 | 311 (5.0) | 48 (1.1) | 0.00 | 457 (5.9) | 102 (1.9) | 0.01 |
| Healthcare utilization in pre-pandemic phase | ||||||||||||
| Any GOPC attendance | 277 (1.9) | 294 (2.7) | 0.00 | 299 (1.9) | 136 (1.8) | 0.00 | 196 (3.2) | 198 (4.4) | 0.00 | 231 (3.0) | 120 (2.2) | 0.00 |
| Any hospital admission | 353 (2.4) | 95 (0.9) | 0.00 | 419 (2.6) | 92 (1.2) | 0.00 | 158 (2.6) | 40 (0.9) | 0.00 | 214 (2.8) | 100 (1.8) | 0.00 |
| Prior use of lipid-lowering drugs | 4009 (27.6) | 3372 (31.3) | 0.00 | 4627 (28.7) | 3561 (46.8) | 0.00 | 4510 (73.1) | 3470 (76.0) | 0.01 | 5680 (73.1) | 4294 (78.6) | 0.03 |
| Years since diagnosis of diabetes | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3.1 (1.4) | 3.5 (1.4) | 0.02 | 3.1 (1.4) | 3.3 (1.3) | 0.00 |
| Prior use of ACEI | 1535 (10.6) | 1028 (9.6) | 0.00 | 1798 (11.2) | 1207 (15.9) | 0.00 | 1833 (29.8) | 1393 (30.6) | − 0.01 | 2328 (30.0) | 1748 (32.0) | 0.00 |
IPCW, inverse probability of censoring weighting; SMD, standardized mean difference; GOPC, general outpatient clinics; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Data are presented in n (%), median [IQR], or mean (SD)
†Standardized mean difference after IPCW