Table 6.

The anti-inflammatory mechanism of silybin in other diseases.

Diseases	Key associated effect	Regulated factors	Reference
TPA-induced skin inflammation	↓ PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; ↓ NF-κB activation	↓ PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, ↓ NF-κB activation, ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-6, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ COX-2, ↓ IKK	(81)
Psoriasis	↓ PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway; ↓ activation of NF-κB	↓ PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway,↓ KEAP 1, ↑ NRF 2, ↓ NF-κB signaling pathway,↓ IL-23, ↓ IL-17 A	(82)
HD-induced skin injury	↓ AP-1/NF-κB dual signaling pathways; ↓ multiple pro-inflammatory mediators	↓ COX-2, ↓ iNOS, ↓ MMP-9	(83)
LPS-induced inflammation in human dermal fibroblasts	↓ NF-κB DNA-binding activity	↓ IL-6,↓ IL-8,	(84)
	↑ IL-8 mRNA; ↑ AP-1 signaling pathway	↑ AP-1 signaling pathway
UVB-induced skin photodamage	↓ NF-κB p50 pathway; ↑ DNA repair	p53, ↓ COX-2, ↓ iNOS, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-6	(85)
Photoaging	↑ Phosphorylation of p-Smad2/3; ↑ collagen, and elastin deposition	↓ CYP26B1, ↑ ECM	(86)
Glaucoma	Regulate the expression profiles of coding genes and non-coding RNAs, construct a ceRNA network, ↓ and extracellular matrix deposition, ↓ and fibrosis	↓ TGF-β, ↓ PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, ↑ NF-κB signaling pathway	(87)
AMD	↓ PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway; ↓ HIF-1α; ↓ VEGF	↓ PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway, ↓ HIF-1α, ↓ VEGF	(88)
	↑ PHD2; ↓ interaction between HIF-1α and VHL; ↑ degradation of HIF-1α	↑ PHD2	(88, 89)
Periodontitis	↓ NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling axis, ↓ pro-inflammatory cytokines; ↑ Nrf2 antioxidant pathway; ↓ oxidative stress; vicious cycle between inflammation and oxidative damage	↓ NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling axis,↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-6, ↑ Nrf2 antioxidant pathway,	(92)

“↑” represents silybin’s promoting effect. “↓” represents silybin’s inhibiting effect.