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Protective immunity to O. volvulus is absent in TLR4-mutant mice. Naïve mice and mice immunized with irradiated L3 were challenged with 25 L3 contained within a diffusion chamber. Chambers were removed after 3 weeks, and larval survival was assessed. The asterisk represents statistical significance (P ≤ 0.05) from control values; n = 6 for all groups.
