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. 2026 Mar 30;14:1773841. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2026.1773841

FIGURE 2.

Panel A shows a bar and line graph with Vangl2 mRNA expression fold change increasing over time (gray bars) and corresponding Alcian Blue staining percentage (blue line) across days zero to twenty-one. Panel B presents western blot images displaying protein expression levels of Vangl2, Sox9, BMP2, and GAPDH as a control across various groups labeled Vangl2, NC, plus, nc, and minus. Panel C contains a line graph of OD values over seventy-two hours for different experimental groups (Vangl2 OE, OE-NC, Si-Vangl2, Si-nc), along with three adjacent bar graphs quantifying Vangl2, Sox9, and BMP2 protein expression normalized to GAPDH.

Vangl2 participates in proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5. (A) Expression trend of Vangl2 during chondrogenic differentiation indicated by RT-qPCR and its parallel increase with cartilage matrix deposition indicated by Alcian Blue staining intensity. The values are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). (B) Protein levels of Sox9 and BMP2 in ATDC5 cells 48 h after Vangl2 overexpression and knockdown detected by Western blotting. The values are presented as means ± SD (n = 4). (C) Cell proliferation assessed by CCK-8 assay following overexpression and knockdown of Vangl2 in ATDC5 cells, measured at 0,24,48 and 72 h. The values are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. OE-NC. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. Si-nc.