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. 2026 Mar 30;14:1773841. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2026.1773841

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Copyright © 2026 Li, Zhang, Li, Lu and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Figure with two panels showing immunohistochemical staining of cartilage markers Sox9, Col2, Aggrecan, PCNA, MMP3, MMP13, and Col10a1 in four groups: CON, CIA, Si-nc+CIA, and Si-Vangl2+CIA. Each staining includes magnified insets highlighting cell detail, accompanied by bar graphs quantifying stained cell percentages. Quantitative graphs to the right show significant group differences for each marker. — Functional effects of Si-Vangl2 on OA model. (A) Si-Vangl2 rescues the expression of chondrogenic and proliferative markers in OA cartilage. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) Si-Vangl2 suppresses matrix degradation and hypertrophic differentiation in OA cartilage. Scale bar = 50 μm. The values are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.