Unrooted phylogenetic tree (phylogram) inferred from the 16S-23S rDNA ISR1 sequences (within the region bracketed by stars [∗] in Fig. 1) of the six California PDD-associated Treponema isolates and the related human-associated Treponema spp. Bootstrap analysis (10,000 resamplings) supported the placement of the California PDD-associated Treponema isolates into three phylotypes. Abbreviations: TMED, T. medium; TVIN, T. vincentii; TPHA, T. phagedenis; TDEN, T. denticola.