| ACDF | Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion |
| AI | Artificial intelligence |
| AI-FEA | Artificial intelligence–enhanced finite element analysis |
| ASD | Adjacent segment degeneration |
| FEA | Finite element analysis |
| LLIF | Lateral lumbar interbody fusion |
| PEEK | Polyetheretherketone |
| PJK | Proximal junctional kyphosis |
| PLF | Posterolateral fusion |
| PLIF | Posterior lumbar interbody fusion |
| ROM | Range of motion |
| TLIF | Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion |
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