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. 2026 Mar 25;16(7):394. doi: 10.3390/nano16070394
2-DG 2-deoxy-D-glucose
AF Apoplastic fluid
Cer Ceramides
CL Cardiolipins
DAPI 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
DG Diacylglycerols
DiL 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate
EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor
EMT Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
EVs Extracellular vesicles
FAO Fatty acid oxidation
GAPDH Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GlycoPER Glycolytic proton efflux rate
GSK-3β Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma
HGF Hepatocyte growth factor
HRP Horseradish peroxidase
IL-6 Interleukin 6
LPC Lysophosphatidylcholines
LPE Lysophosphatidylethanolamines
Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
NTA Nanoparticle tracking analysis
PA Phosphatidic acid
PC Phosphatidylcholines
PCA Principal component analysis
PDEVs Plant-derived extracellular vesicles
PE Phosphatidylethanolamines
PE-O Ether phosphatidylethanolamines
PER Proton efflux rate
PG Phosphatidylglycerols
PI Phosphatidylinositols
PLD Phospholipase D
PLC Phospholipase C
PLS-DA Partial least squares–discriminant analysis
PS Phosphatidylserines
PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids
PVDF Polyvinylidene difluoride
Rot/AA Rotenone/antimycin A
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
SLC27 Solute carrier family 27
Smad SMAD family proteins
SM Sphingomyelin(s)
TGF-β Transforming growth factor beta
TG Triglycerides
TPC Total phenolic content
Wnt Wingless-related integration site