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. 2026 Mar 27;18(7):818. doi: 10.3390/polym18070818
AB-PLA Antibacterial PLA
ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
AM Additive manufacturing
ANOVA Analysis of variance
AR Anisotropy ratio
BO Built orientation
Br-PLA Brass pigment-modified PLA
BRE Built rate efficiency
Bz-PLA Bronze pigment-modified PLA
CB-PLA Carbon black-filled PLA
CF-PLA Carbon fiber reinforced PLA
CK-PLA Cork-filled PLA
CL-PLA Stone-/mineral-filled PLA
Cu-PLA Copper pigment-modified PLA
CV Coefficient of variation
DA Dimensional accuracy
ET Extrusion temperature
GF-PLA Glass fiber reinforced PLA
Gr-PLA Graphene-modified PLA
HF-PLA Hemp-biofilled recycled PLA (rPLA)
LT Layer thickness
LW-PLA Lightweight (foamed) PLA
MEX Material extrusion
MFII Mass flow irregularity index
MT Manufacturing time
PETG Polyethylene terephthalate glycol
PLA Polylactic acid
PPP Printing process parameter
PS Printing speed
RA Raster angle
RD Relative density
RDE Relative dimensional error
rPLA Recycled PLA
SD Standard deviation
SP-PLA Stainless steel powder-filled PLA
VBSI Volumetric build stability index
WF-PLA Wood-filled PLA
2D Two-dimensional
3D Three-dimensional
b1, b2 In-plane specimen widths
h Specimen height
L0 Nominal cube edge length
Li Measured mean dimension along axis i
mm Measured specimen mass
Rm Mass deposition rate
t Print time
V0 Nominal/theoretical specimen volume
Vm Measured specimen volume
ΔV Volumetric deviation
δi Relative dimensional deviation
δb1 Relative dimensional deviation along edge b1
δb2 Relative dimensional deviation along edge b2
δh Relative dimensional deviation along build orientation
ρbulk Bulk/specimen density
ρmat Nominal material/filament density
σp Standard deviation of bulk density
σm Standard deviation of specimen mass
σv Standard deviation of specimen volume
μp Mean bulk density
μm Mean measured specimen mass
μv Mean specimen volume
ϕ Porosity