Table 2.
Distribution of participants reporting each barrier theme (n = 17).
| Core theme | Sub-theme | Participants (IDs) | Number of participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional–cultural tensions | Restrictions of “Zuo yuezi” practices | Q8, Q12, Q15 | 3 |
| Intergenerational conflict in grand parenting | Q4, Q5, Q11, Q17 | 4 | |
| Primacy of motherhood | Gendered division of family labor | Q5, Q7, Q9 | 3 |
| Motherhood constrained by knowledge systems | Q6, Q7, Q13 | 3 | |
| Institutional neglect | Insufficient public policy and social support | Q2, Q10, Q12 | 3 |
Participants may report multiple barriers; total n exceeds 17 across themes.