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. 2026 Mar 4;16:12095. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-41507-1

Table 1.

Mean scores of key variables by cluster.

Variables Mean
Unaware bystanders
(n = 91)
Frontline responders
(n = 217)
Cautious observers (n = 104)

How much effort have you put into reducing or controlling wild pigs on your land in the previous years

(1 = a little, 2 = some, and 3 = a lot)

1.05 2.69 1.74

Whether you have experienced damage from wild pigs on your property

(1 = Yes, 0 = No)

0.02 0.95 0.75

Your familiarity level with wild pigs

(1 = not familiar at all, 2 = somewhat familiar, 3 = very familiar)

2.13 2.91 2.75
To what extent have you noticed wild pigs on your land (1 = less than 5% of my land; 2 = about 25% of my land, 3 = about half of my land, 4 = more than 75% of my land) 2.23 4.52 2.64
To what extent are wild pigs present on neighboring land or near your property (1 = not at all, 2 = slightly, 3 = somewhat, 4 = moderately, 5 = greatly) 2.12 4.82 3.94