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. 2026 Mar 4;16:12095. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-41507-1

Table 2.

ANOVA analysis of demographic and land characteristic variables among the three clusters.

Variable p-value Cluster 1 (Mean) Cluster 2 (Mean) Cluster 3 (Mean)
Age (1 = 34 years or younger, 2 = between 35 and 44, 3 = between 45 and 54, 4 = between 55 and 64, 5 = 65 years or older) 0.002** 4.70a 4.04b 4.24ab
Gender (1 = male, 2 = female) 0.575 1.10 1.06 1.05
Education (1 = less than high school/GED, 2 = high school/GED, 3 = some college, 4 = associated degree, 5 = bachelor’s degree, 6 = advanced degree) 0.070* 3.78a 3.85a 4.34b
Annual household income (1 = less than $20k, 2 = $20k to $49,999, 3 = $50k to $79,999, 4 = $80k to $100k, 5 = more than $100k) 0.476 3.77 3.82 4.01
Acreage (acres) < 0.001*** 441.38a 1325.16b 627.16a
Tenure (year) 0.507 38.00 38.13 34.29

*Significant at p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001; a, bmeans with different subscripts are statistically different.