Skip to main content
. 2026 Mar 4;16:12095. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-41507-1

Table 6.

Summary of variables included in the SEM model.

Construct Statements included in the survey
Beliefs

I agree that wild pigs are a nuisance and a threat (BF1).

I agree that wild pigs harm the natural environment (BF2).

I agree that crops and livestock damage caused by wild pigs will harm the economy (BF3).

I agree that wild pigs should be eliminated wherever possible (BF4).

Attitudes toward management methods

I support targeted sharpshooting on the ground over bait sites (AT1).

I support the use of legal toxicants (e.g., warfarin, sodium nitrite) (AT2).

I support capture and kill (AT3).

I support aerial control using helicopters (AT4).

I support providing technical assistance for landowners/farmers to control wild pigs (AT5).

Perceived behavioral control I feel confident implementing control methods myself (PBC).
Subjective norms

My neighbors are willing to help each other with wild pig management (SN1).

My neighbors trust each other (SN2).

Behavioral intentions

I am willing to cooperate with my neighbors to manage/control wild pigs together (BI1).

I feel obligated and am willing to manage wild pigs on my property (BI2).

I am willing to learn more about how to manage/control wild pigs (BI3).