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. 2026 Apr 1;20:1702124. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2026.1702124

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Copyright © 2026 Torres and Elsayed.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Grouped line graphs compare differential transfer entropy across participants for four tasks: resting (A), drawing (B), pointing (C), and peg (D). Each graph displays four lines representing control and pain groups with finger-to-hand and hand-to-finger directions, showing variations in transfer entropy values per participant. — Differences between TE for each of the control and pain conditions across participants (f → h for face to heart and h → f for heart to face). (A) Resting task. (B) Drawing task. (C) Pointing task. (D) Peg task.