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. 2026 Apr 1;20:1702124. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2026.1702124

Figure 3.

Panel A shows a numbered electrode grid with a blue arrow pointing to electrode 19. Panel B displays time series plots of raw position data for one grid location. Panel C presents smoothed position data for the same location. Panel D visualizes speed as a function of pulled speed peaks. Panel E shows absolute speed deviation values over pulled speed peaks. Panel F illustrates normalized micro-movement peaks over pulled speed peaks. Panel G presents normalized micro-movement spikes. Panel H provides a histogram of micro-movement spike peaks with a gamma distribution overlay. Panel I plots the Γ shape and scale parameter plane differentiating pre- and post-pain states. Panel J is a 3D plot comparing NSR values for V1, V2, and V3 across pre- and post-pain. Panel K compares normalized NSR and skewness for pre- and post-pain states. Panel L shows empirical probability density functions of micro-movement spikes across conditions.

Analytical pipeline of facial biorhythms. (A) Face grid mapped (indexed) across regions: ophthalmic V1, maxillary V2, and mandibular V3. (B) Sample XY-position traces of one grid point (19 in (A)) recorded for 35 s. (C) Smoothed trajectories. (D) Scalar speed profiles from 26 sites in region V1. (E) Absolute speed deviations from the empirically estimated mean (from the red peaks). (F) Locally scaling allometric effects using Equation 1, due to anatomical disparities in lengths, impacting speed ranges across participants. (G) Full micro-movement spikes preserving the frame of each original speed peak. (H) Frequency histogram of the MMS peaks. (I) Gamma parameter plane used to represent the empirically estimated Gamma PDFs as the shape and scale parameters with 95% confidence intervals for each parameter. (J) Parameter space spanned by the Gamma NSR (scale parameter) of each PDF thus estimated for each face region. (K) Parameter plane defined by the norms of the Gamma NSR vector spanned by the V1, V2, and V3 NSRs and the corresponding Gamma PDF skewness. (L) Empirical Gamma PDFs for each region and condition (control vs. pain).