TABLE 5.
Top drugs associated with high-risk PARS and low-risk PARS. Coefficients are from the logistic regression model; odds ratios are reported with 95% confidence intervals (patient-level bootstrap). Visits denote the number of cohort visits containing the drug. Few drugs met the inclusion criterion (Visits ) with negative coefficients; therefore all eligible low-risk drugs are shown.
| High-risk PARS drugs (coef 0) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Drug name | Coefficient | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Visits |
| Quetiapine | 3.299 | 27.075 (16.856–43.183) | 459 |
| Haloperidol | 2.850 | 17.290 (4.913–37.712) | 67 |
| Entacapone | 2.661 | 14.304 (1.699–26.758) | 37 |
| Amiodarone | 2.362 | 10.611 (1.028–20.445) | 24 |
| Trazodone | 1.998 | 7.372 (3.937–11.176) | 423 |
| Venlafaxine | 1.977 | 7.221 (3.229–11.170) | 216 |
| Risperidone | 1.934 | 6.918 (3.008–11.406) | 276 |
| Tramadol | 1.930 | 6.887 (3.133–10.829) | 23 |
| Clozapine | 1.830 | 6.235 (1.493–16.009) | 108 |
| Trihexyphenidyl | 1.731 | 5.645 (2.240–17.157) | 130 |
| Formoterol | 1.711 | 5.536 (2.540–11.290) | 73 |
| Sertraline | 1.705 | 5.502 (1.634–9.845) | 92 |
| Olanzapine | 1.701 | 5.480 (2.435–9.581) | 155 |
| Bisoprolol | 1.619 | 5.047 (2.655–10.827) | 297 |
| Rivaroxaban | 1.616 | 5.033 (0.833–11.379) | 21 |
| Nebivolol | 1.602 | 4.963 (2.810–8.783) | 205 |
| Escitalopram | 1.594 | 4.925 (2.230–7.370) | 272 |
| Tiapride | 1.594 | 4.924 (1.836–8.862) | 74 |
| Flupentixol | 1.544 | 4.682 (0.714–10.908) | 58 |
| Acetaminophen | 1.526 | 4.602 (2.206–7.056) | 21 |
| Low-risk PARS drugs (coef 0) a | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Drug name | Coefficient | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Visits |
| Ivabradine | 0.830 | 0.436 (0.250–1.324) | 39 |
| Piracetam | 0.353 | 0.702 (0.247–2.002) | 52 |
| Amisulpride | 0.347 | 0.707 (0.270–1.983) | 52 |
| Sitagliptin | 0.263 | 0.769 (0.476–1.487) | 34 |
| Ramipril | 0.255 | 0.775 (0.280–2.753) | 46 |
| Nitroglycerin | 0.254 | 0.776 (0.369–1.602) | 44 |
| Rilmenidine | 0.245 | 0.783 (0.326–2.553) | 67 |
| Doxepin | 0.184 | 0.832 (0.573–1.000) | 32 |
| Alfacalcidol | 0.109 | 0.896 (0.416–2.532) | 53 |
| Trimetazidine | 0.057 | 0.944 (0.436–2.118) | 127 |
| Perindopril | 0.019 | 0.981 (0.518–2.017) | 316 |
a
Negative coefficients are reported for interpretability and transparency and do not imply protective effects or suggest medication changes; the actionable output is the model’s predicted High-risk probability.