Table 4.

Univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis of the resting and provoked gradients of left ventricular outflow tract

	Provokable LVOT Gradient						Resting LVOT Gradient
	Univariate		Multivariable (Model 1)		Multivariable (Model 2)		Univariate		Multivariable (Model 1)		Multivariable (Model 2)
	B	P	B (95% CI)	P	B (95% CI)	P	B	P	B (95% CI)	P	B (95% CI)	P
Sex	-14.94	0.05					-21.11	0.003
Age	0.66	0.01					0.64	0.009
Maximal WT, mm	4.36	0.048	3.33(-0.90,7.55)	0.125	3.44(-0.96,7.83)	0.124	4.323	0.039	4.10(0.12,8.09)	0.044*	3.93(0.15,7.70)	0.043*
LVOTD, mm	-5.55	0.000	-4.95(-7.20,-2.70)	0.000*	-3.70(-6.3,-1.07)	0.006*	-6.561	<0.001	-4.89(-7.28,-2.49)	0.000*	-5.02(-7.05,-2.99)	0.000*
3DE EDVI, ml/m2	0.816	0.007	-		-		0.628	0.029	-		-
3DE ESVI, ml/m2	-1.54	0.011					-1.37	0.017
AML length, mm	1.563	0.062					1.235	0.122
SubMV score	17.762	0.000	11.56(3.0,20.11)	0.009*	13.04(4.3,21.75)	0.004*	17.148	<0.001	10.79(2.81,18.78)	0.008*	11.08(3.45,18.71)	0.005*
GLS, -%	2.334	0.037					1.512	0.158
GCS, -%	2.27	0.013					2.87	0.001
GAS, -%	1.898	0.004	1.29(0.35,2.39)	0.035*	2.86(-0.38,6.11)	0.084	2.0	0.001	1.21(-0.83,3.25)	0.241	1.24(0.15,2.33)	0.027*
GRS, %	0.426	0.127					0.385	0.149
Twist, °	1.997	0.000	1.92(1.02,2.82)	0.000*	-		1.644	0.001	1.35(0.48,2.23)	0.003*	-
Torsion, °/cm	13.386	0.000	-		9.47(3.63,15.31)	0.002*	14.416	<0.001	-		10.64(5.55,15.73)	0.000*

Footnote: Univariate variables with p < 0.05 were entered into the multivariate model using a stepwise approach. * Indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). Model 1 included LV twist, whereas Model 2 incorporated LV torsion for model construction. LVOTO: left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; LVEDVI: left ventricular end diastolic volume index, LVESVI: left ventricular end systolic volume index, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, 3DE: three-dimensional echocardiography, AML: anterior mitral leaflet; GLS: global longitudinal strain, GCS: global circumferential strain, GAS: global area strain, GRS: global radial strain