DN versions of RIP4 inhibit NF-κB activation by multiple pathways. (A) 293T cells were transfected with an NF-κB reporter plasmid and RIP4, in combination with mock plasmid (1 μg) or the indicated RIP4 constructs, DN-IKKβ or DN-IκBα, and analyzed for NF-κB-dependent luciferase activity. The expression level of the various transfected constructs is shown. (B) 293T cells were transfected with the indicated RIP4 constructs, and anti-VSV immunoprecipitates (IP) and cell extracts were analyzed by western blot. (C) 293T cells were transfected with an NF-κB reporter plasmid and the indicated constructs, together with the RIP4 ankyrin domain (+) or mock plasmid (−). (D) HeLa cells were transfected with an NF-κB reporter plasmid together with RIP4 K51R (+) or mock plasmid (−) and analyzed for TNF- and IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation.