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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Apr 17.
Published in final edited form as: Radiat Res. 2019 Oct 14;192(6):649–661. doi: 10.1667/RR15445.1

TABLE 2.

Simulated Procedure Details

Procedure Contrast Fluoroscopy time (s) Spot films (no.) Kerma-area product (mGy · cm2) Kerma to reference point (mGy) Maximum organ dose (mGy)
 VCUG Iodine  71 11 3,103 (145–15,002) 6.9 (1.2–33.5) Kidneys (9.70)
 UGI Barium  86 18 3,442 (187–24,841) 9.2 (1.1–66.8) Kidneys (25.4)
 LGI Barium 113 14 5,207 (185–28,470) 10.4 (1.5–57.0) Kidneys (16.7)
 MBS Barium 104  0 291 (87–798) 1.7 (0.4–5.1) Salivary glands (3.72)

Notes. Shown here are the contrast agent used, nominal fluoroscopy time, numbers of spot films and dosimetry results, i.e., the kerma-area product, average cumulative air kerma to the reference point (with ranges) and maximum organ dose for both pediatric males and pediatric females in the UF/NCI phantom library. VCUG=voiding cystourethrogram; UGI=upper gastrointestinal study; LGI=lower gastrointestinal study; MBS=modified barium swallow study.