Table 2.
Studies included in the present scoping review
| Author (year) | Sample description (n) | Age range (in years)a |
Sex (% Male) |
Design | Sleep Variable(s) | Cannabis Measure(s) | Depression/Anxiety Measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bapir et al. (2023) [113] | Adults with chronic pain only (n = 543) or with comorbid anxiety (n = 711) |
Anxiety group: 44.8 (14.0) No anxiety group: 47.0 (14.9) |
54.1 | Prospective | Past-week sleep quality (SQS) | Use of CBMPs |
GAD-7 EQ-5D-5L |
| Barbotin et al. (2023) [107] | Adults with a past-year major depressive episode (n = 2,864) | 18+ | not listed | Prospective | Lifetime sleep complaints (3 items assessing trouble falling asleep, early morning awakening, hypersomnia) | AUDADIS-IV CUD | AUDADIS-IV mood & anxiety disorders |
| Berey et al. (2024) [97] | Youth interested in reducing their cannabis use (n = 86) | 19.80 (2.12), 15–24 | 41.2 | Prospective | Self-reported prior-night trouble sleeping (single item) |
Any use (y/n) Quantity (grams) Impaired control (y/n) |
Self-reported negative affect (3 single-items) |
| Bidwell et al. (2024) [101] | Adults with anxiety (n = 347) | 33.19 (13.24), 21–70 | 36.5 | Prospective | Self-reported prior-night sleep quality (single-item) | Any use (y/n) |
GAD-7 DASS-21 |
| Coelho et al. (2023) [110] | College students (n = 14,787) | 20.4 (2.3), 18–30 | 24.5 | Cross-sectional | Self-reported past 3-month sleep complaints (4 single-items) | Past-year frequency (single-item) | Self-reported lifetime depression/anxiety diagnosis (single item) |
| Dokkedal-Silva et al. (2021) [111] | Adults living in Brazil (n = 793) | 42.41 (14.33), 20–80 | 57.0 | Cross-sectional | PSQI, ISI, PSG | ASSIST |
BAI BDI |
| Ergisi et al. (2022) [103] | Adults with DSM-5 general anxiety disorder (n = 67) | 37.42 (13.01) | 67.2 | Prospective | Past-week sleep quality (SQS) | Use of CBMPs |
GAD-7 EQ-5D-5L |
| Kuhathasan et al. (2022) [108] | Adults with insomnia symptoms and depression (n = 100), anxiety (n = 463), or comorbid depression and anxiety (n = 114) |
Depression: 30.93 (10.07), 18–62 Anxiety: 31.42 (8.91), 18–71 Comorbid: 33.98 (10.70), 18–62 |
44.5 | Prospective | Self-reported insomnia symptoms | Self-reported product formulation and chemotype | Self-reported depression and/or anxiety |
| Livingston et al. (2023) [116] | College students with past-month cannabis use (n = 1,453) | 19.61 (2.55) | 29.8 | Cross-sectional | Sleep motives (CMMQ) |
Use frequency (MUG) CUDIT B-MACQ |
DSM XC |
| Mangoo et al. (2023) [106] | Adults with a primary depression diagnosis (n = 129) | 35.6 (11.1) | 73.6 | Prospective | Past-week sleep quality (SQS) | Use of CBMPs |
GAD-7 EQ-5D-5L PHQ-9 |
| Martin et al. (2021) [100] | Adults with depression or anxiety who used (n = 368) or did not use (n = 170) medicinal cannabis | 46 (13) | 20.6 | Cross-sectional | PSQI global score | Self-reported product type, chemotype, dosing regimen, route of administration | HADS |
| Montebello et al. (2022) [114] | Adults with ICD-10 cannabis dependence (n = 128) | 35.0 (10.9), 18–65 | 76.6 | RCT | ISI total score |
Past-month frequency (TLFB) Medication condition |
DASS-21 |
| Murphy et al. (2024) [104] | Adults with anxiety classified into impaired (n = 156) or not-impaired (n = 146) sleep cohorts | 38.06 (11.7) | 69.5 | Prospective | Past-week sleep quality (SQS) | Use of CBMPs |
GAD-7 EQ-5D-5L |
| Rifkin-Zybutz et al. (2023) [105] | Adults with a general anxiety disorder diagnosis (n = 302) | 37.0 (11.5) | 68.6 | Prospective | Past-week sleep quality (SQS) | Use of CBMPs |
GAD-7 EQ-5D-5L |
| Sznitman et al. (2024) [102] | Adults using cannabis for anxiety relief (n = 347) | 33.15 (13.22), 21–70 | 36.3 | Prospective | Self-reported prior-night sleep quality (single-item) | Any use (y/n) | DASS-21 Anxiety subscale |
| Tervo-Clemmens et al. (2023) [109] | Adults seeking cannabis for insomnia, pain, or anxiety / depressive symptoms (n = 181) |
MCC Group: 38.26 (14.31), 18–65 WC Group: 36.69 (14.56), 18–65 |
34.4 | Prospective | Self-reported prior-night sleep quality (single-item) |
Any use (y/n) No. sessions |
Self-reported depression (single item) |
| Walsh et al. (2024) [115] | Young adults from Southern California (n = 1926) | 21, 20–23 | 39.1 | Prospective | Past-month sleep problems (JSS) | Past-month and lifetime cannabis use frequency exposure |
GAD-7 CES-D-10 |
| Winiger et al. (2021) [34] | Adults with anxiety and lifetime cannabis use (n = 152) | 31.45 (12.96), 21–70 | 31.7 | Cross-sectional | PSQI |
Past 14-day frequency (TLFB) Self-reported THC and CBD% (2 single-items) Cannabis-related sleep expectancies |
DASS-21 |
| Yau et al. (2019) [112] | Adults who used cannabis medicinally (n = 100) |
18–30 (59%) 31–45 (21%) 46+ (20%) |
68 | Cross-sectional | PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Scale | Self-reported age of first use, conditions/ symptoms for medical use, preferred formulation and cannabinoid content, frequency, quantity, and time of day, negative effects |
BDI PHQ-15 MINI |
| Yurasek et al. (2020) [117] | College students with past-month cannabis use (n = 267) | 19.9 (1.4), 18–25 | 38.2 | Cross-sectional | ISI total score |
Past-month frequency (single-item) MCQ |
DASS-21 |
ASSIST Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test, AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, BAI Beck Anxiety Inventor, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, B-MACQ Brief-Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire, CBD Cannabidiol, CBMP Cannabis-Based Medicinal Product, CES-D-10 Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CMMQ Comprehensive Marijuana Motives Questionnaire, CUD Cannabis Use Disorder, CUDIT Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test, DASS Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, DSM XC DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure–Adult, DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, EQ-5D-5 L EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5 Levels, GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, ISI Insomnia Severity Index, JSS Jenkins Sleep Score, MCC Medical Cannabis Card, MCQ Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire, MINI Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MUG Marijuana Use Grid, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, PROMIS Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, PSG Polysomnography, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SQS Sleep Quality Scale, THC Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, TLFB Timeline Follow-Back, WC Waitlist Control
asample(s) mean (sd), range (if provided), otherwise ns listed for each age category