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. 2025 Dec 12;49(4):zsaf393. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsaf393

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Sleep Research Society.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The figure is based on 100 PSGs, each contributing two 20-min PSG segments. (A) Mean fraction of each sleep stage (W, N1, N2, N3, REM) in human scored 30-s epochs and human-scored mini-epochs. The bar heights show the means across PSGs, and the whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals obtained via bootstrapping. Asterisks indicate significant differences (p < .001) obtained with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (B) Precision weighted, column-wise normalized confusion matrix between human-scored epochs (rows) and human-scored mini-epochs (columns). Diagonal values represent agreement for each sleep stage. Off-diagonal values show misclassification patterns (e.g. row 3, column 2 indicates that 31 per cent of the mini-epochs scored as N1 in the human mini-epoch scorings comes from N2 in the human-scored epochs).