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. 2026 Apr 7;13:1703513. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2026.1703513

Table 3.

Form distribution of the L4–S1 coronal plane of the lumbar spine.

Segment Uniformly concave
n (%)
Asymmetric concave
n (%)
Flat-bottomed concave
n (%)
Flat type
n (%)
L4 sup 0 1 (3.0) 19 (57.6) 13 (39.4)
L4 inf 21 (63.6) 0 12 (36.4) 0
L5 sup 2 (6.1) 0 20 (60.6) 11 (33.3)
L5 inf 10 (30.3) 0 23 (69.7) 0
S1 sup 20 (60.6) 0 13 (39.4) 0