Table 2.

Field-assisted processing comparison

Dimensions	LAM	UVAM	MAM	IIAM
Core mechanism	Local heating produces softening or phase change	High-frequency micro vibration creates intermittent contact and the material softening effect	Using magnetic fields to regulate dislocation motion within the material	Implanting ions form an defect layer that weakens bonds in a shallow surface region
Cutting force	Large reduction	Moderate reduction	Reduction depending on the carrier material	Small reduction
Material removal rate	Enables increased depth of cut and feed rate	Enables steady removal but typically slower than LAM	Slight improvement	Slightly increase the depth of cut
Surface roughness	Significant improvement	Significant improvement	Significant improvement	Significant improvement
Subsurface damage	Significant reduction of brittle cracking	Micro-cracks, spalling, and pitting	Moderate reduction	Deep cracks and excessive amorphization
Cost	Medium	Medium	Medium	High
Typical side effects	HAZ, oxidation, and recast	Fixture fatigue and secondary ploughing	Field nonuniformity	Residual stress and foreign species