Table 1.

Representative Skin Organoid Studies with Demonstrated in vivo Relevance to Wound Repair

First Author (Year)	Organoid Type/Structure	Cell Source	Key Fabrication/Culture Strategy	In vivo Model	Main Regenerative Outcomes
Diao et al6	Sweat gland organoids	Mouse sweat gland epithelial cells	3D culture of isolated sweat gland epithelial cells to form gland-like organoids	Mouse full-thickness skin wounds and burned paw pads	Accelerated wound closure and regenerated functional sweat glands
Lee et al8	Human skin organoids with appendages	hPSCs	TGF-β/BMP/FGF modulation combined with long-term 3D suspension culture	Proof-of-concept model	Generated epidermis, dermis and pigmented hair follicles, providing a platform for complex skin regeneration
Lee et al5	Advanced appendage-forming skin organoids	hPSCs	Optimized signaling cues and 3D culture to enhance appendage maturation	Preclinical skin repair model	Improved structural complexity and enhanced translational relevance
Kwak et al9	Multilayered epidermal organoids	iPSC-derived keratinocyte progenitors	3D stratified epidermal culture and application of organoid secretome	Full-thickness rodent wound	Promoted re-epithelialization, collagen deposition and neovascularization
Wang et al7	Neural-integrated skin organoids	hPSC-derived skin organoids	Engineering of appendages and neural circuits followed by transplantation into defects	Frostbite-induced full-thickness defects	Improved healing compared with conventional therapy, enhanced appendage regeneration and reduced scarring