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. 2026 Apr 20;16:12870. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-48841-4

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Ca_v1.2 deficiency in PV⁺ neurons does not alter social behavior or cognitive performance. a Interaction times and discrimination indices of Ctrl^PV and CKO^PV mice during the social preference phase of 3CT. b Interaction times and discrimination indices of Ctrl^PV and CKO^PV mice during the social novelty phase of 3CT. c Percentage spontaneous alternations and number of arm entries in Y-maze. d Interaction times and discrimination indices of Ctrl^PV and CKO^PV mice in novelty preference phase of NOR. e Interaction times and discrimination indices of Ctrl^PV and CKO^PV mice in novelty preference phase of SOR. f Latency to reach hidden platform during training phase of MWM and time spent in the platform quadrant during probe test of MWM. The p values are from two-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post hoc test, ^#p < 0.05, ^###p < 0.001, ^####p < 0.0001, data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (Ctrl^PV: n = 16, CKO^PV: n = 19).