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. 2026 Mar 14;20:75. doi: 10.1186/s40246-026-00948-5

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Overview of five types of bisphenol compounds. A Chemical structure of bisphenol A and its analogs. B Physicochemical properties of BPs: Molecular weight (Mt.) and Log P (Octanol-water partition coefficient). C Biotoxicity metrics for 5 BPs: LC50DM: Median lethal concentration in Daphnia magna (48 h); LC50FM: Median lethal concentration in Pimephales promelas (96 h); IGC50: 50% growth inhibition concentration in Tetrahymena pyriformis; BCF: Bioconcentration factor. D Levels of Bisphenol A in urine among the U.S. population from the NHANES database, 2003 to 2016. E Analysis of the association between urinary Bisphenol A levels and overall survival (OS) using Kaplan–Meier curves in cancer patients from the NHANES database. F Levels of Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S in urine among the U.S. population from the NHANES database, 2013 to 2016