Table 2.

Association between mental illness symptoms and flourishing.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI
Agea	1.04	[1.04–1.05]	1.02	[1.02–1.03]	1.03	[1.02–1.03]
Gender
Male (ref)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Female	0.99	[0.95–1.03]	1.18*	[1.13–1.23]	1.22*	[1.17–1.27]
Gender diverse	0.35*	[0.32–0.39]	0.58*	[0.53–0.64]	0.64*	[0.58–0.70]
Race/ethnicity
White (ref)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Black	1.24*	[1.17–1.32]	1.18*	[1.11–1.26]	1.13*	[1.06–1.21]
Hispanic/Latin(x)	0.89*	[0.84–0.95]	0.89*	[0.83–0.95]	0.85*	[0.79–0.91]
Asian/Asian American	0.66*	[0.63–0.70]	0.63*	[0.59–0.66]	0.59*	[0.56–0.63]
American Indian/Native American	0.93	[0.63–1.36]	1.06	[0.70–1.59]	1.02	[0.68–1.53]
Pacific Islander	1.28	[0.82–2.00]	1.60	[0.98–2.61]	1.51	[0.93–2.46]
Middle East	0.85*	[0.73–0.97]	0.87	[0.75–1.01]	0.83*	[0.72–0.97]
Other/multiple	0.87*	[0.82–0.92]	0.91*	[0.86–0.97]	0.90*	[0.85–0.96]
Current financial stress
Always (ref)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Often*	1.40*	[1.31–1.49]	1.01	[0.95–1.08]	1.01	[0.95–1.08]
Sometimes*	2.23*	[2.11–2.36]	1.28*	[1.20–1.36]	1.27*	[1.19–1.35]
Rarely*	3.07*	[2.88–3.27]	1.56*	[1.45–1.67]	1.55*	[1.45–1.66]
Never*	4.19*	[3.87–4.53]	2.06*	[1.89–2.24]	2.06*	[1.89–2.25]
Mental illness symptoms
PHQ-9 < 10 (ref)			1.00		1.00
PHQ-9 ≥ 10			0.23*	[0.22–0.25]	0.24*	[0.23–0.25]
GAD-7 < 10 (ref)			1.00		1.00
GAD-7 ≥ 10			0.56*	[0.54–0.59]	0.58*	[0.55–0.61]
Past year mental health treatment
No psychiatric medication (ref)					1.00
Psychiatric medication					0.84*	[0.80–0.88]
Missing					0.90	[0.80–1.01]
No therapy (ref)					1.00
Therapy					0.87*	[0.83–0.91]
Missing					1.08	[0.94–1.25]

Notes: Healthy Minds Study 2022–23 Dataset; data and analyses are observed at the individual-level.

OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; Ref = reference group; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7.

^aOdds ratio for 1 unit increase.

^*Statistically significant at a p < 0.05 level.