Table 2.
Univariable and multivariable analyses of oncologic outcomes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal or temporal bone. Results are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
| Participant characteristics | All-cause mortality (95% CI) | Disease progression (95% CI) | Cancer-related death (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude m00odel | Adjusted modela | Crude model | Adjusted modela | Crude model | Adjusted modela | |
| Age (per 10-year increase) | 1.08 (0.85–1.36) | 0.90 (0.68–1.20) | 0.75 (0.55–1.03) | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | ||
| Gender (ref: female) | 0.96 (0.53–1.75) | 0.64 (0.30–1.37) | 0.68 (0.30–1.52) | |||
| Body mass index (BMI) | 1.00 (0.93–1.09) | 1.04 (0.96–1.14) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | *1.11 (1.00–1.23) | ||
| Ever-smokers | 1.15 (0.56–2.38) | 1.17 (0.51–2.68) | 1.15 (0.45–2.94) | |||
| History of head and neck cancers | 1.15 (0.28–4.76) | N/A | N/A | |||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1.11 (0.58–2.10) | 0.76 (0.29–2.01) | 0.79 (0.30–2.13) | |||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 0.76 (0.37–1.57) | 0.67 (0.23–1.93) | 0.68 (0.23–2.00) | |||
| CKD (including ESRD) | 1.14 (0.45–2.89) | 0.37 (0.05–2.73) | N/A | |||
| Ischemic disease (heart/brain) | 0.86 (0.36–2.02) | 0.73 (0.22–2.42) | 0.52 (0.12–2.21) | |||
| Tumor side (left vs. right) | 1.48 (0.84–2.63) | 1.43 (0.76–2.70) | 1.78 (0.83–3.80) | 1.70 (0.76–3.78) | 1.24 (0.56–2.77) | |
| Location (temporal bone vs. EAC) | 1.20 (0.29–4.98) | 1.84 (0.43–7.77) | 1.04 (0.14–7.77) | |||
| Cancer status | ||||||
| Tumor status (ref: T1) | ||||||
| T2 | 2.09 (0.64–6.81) | 1.58 (0.44–5.73) | 1.32 (0.22–7.90) | 1.02 (0.16–6.62) | 0.93 (0.19–4.60) | 1.31 (0.26–6.75) |
| T3 | *4.01 (1.29–12.4) | 2.90 (0.89–9.44) | 3.46 (0.70–17.1) | 2.09 (0.40–10.9) | 2.24 (0.53–9.40) | 1.41 (0.27–7.29) |
| T4 | *4.98 (1.71–14.5) | 3.18 (0.97–10.4) | *5.78 (1.32–25.2) | 3.52 (0.71–17.3) | *3.99 (1.13–14.1) | 3.81 (0.93–15.6) |
| Nodal metastasis | *3.59 (1.58–8.18) | 1.74 (0.54–5.61) | *3.24 (1.22–8.60) | 1.99 (0.71–5.61) | *5.00 (1.84–13.6) | 2.52 (0.31–20.7) |
| Distant metastasis | *2.92 (1.14–7.49) | 2.08 (0.54–8.04) | 1.79 (0.42–7.58) | 3.09 (0.91–10.4) | 0.88 (0.08–9.76) | |
| Treatment | ||||||
| Treatment strategy (ref: Surgery alone) | ||||||
| Surgery plus adjuvant (C)RT | 1.47 (0.64–3.36) | 1.26 (0.53–3.00) | 2.13 (0.59–7.65) | 2.14 (0.57–8.06) | 0.92 (0.33–2.59) | |
| (C)RT alone/(C)RT followed by salvage surgery | *3.05 (1.34–6.96) | 2.40 (0.97–5.92) | *4.04 (1.15–14.2) | 2.98 (0.78–11.3) | 1.81 (0.64–5.11) | |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | 1.65 (0.59–4.60) | 2.20 (0.66–7.35) | 1.99 (0.56–7.05) | 1.57 (0.37–6.69) | ||
CKD, chronic kidney disease; (C)RT, either radiotherapy alone or concurrent chemoradiotherapy; EAC, external auditory canal; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; N/A, not applicable.
a
Adjusted model: Adjusted for age and variables with P < 0.2 in univariable analysis.
*
P ≤ 0.05